poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down...

â€Å"Poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family.† Explain and assess this view. In this essay I will assess and explain the view that poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family. Thus, firstly I will assess this view from the culture of poverty. Firstly, the idea of a culture of poverty was first introduced by Oscar Lewis. He developed the concept from his fieldwork among the urban poor in Mexico and Puerto Rico. Lewis argues the culture of poverty is a design for living transmitted from one generation to the next. The culture of poverty has the following elements, on the individual level, a strong feeling of†¦show more content†¦They regard a conventional family life as the ideal and strive to play the mainstream roles of a father. However, their income is insufficient to support a wife and a family. Facing daily situation of a failure, men often desert their family. On closer examination Liebow found little support for the streetcorner man’s rationale for marital failure. Marriages failed largely because the men had insufficient income to maintain them. The matrifocal families that were resulted were not due to a culture of poverty but simply to low-income. Liebow therefore rejects the idea of a culture of poverty or lower-class subculture and sees the behaviour of the poor as a product of situational constraint not of distinctive cultural patterns. Therefore, this shows that the family does not play any role in the prolong poverty but instead it had been the situational constraint that had forced them to stay as being poor. Thus, the statement that poverty is a way of life and had been passed down from generation to generation had not been entirely correct since it is proven that situational constraints are the actual problem. Lastly, according to Shane J. Blackman found that the young homeless had very similar aspirations as the other members of society, but situational constraints such as homelessness had been keeping them at one particular spot which is a t the state of poverty. Because of their homelessness, theirShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue Of Poverty979 Words   |  4 Pagesaccurate definition of Poverty, because they are currently experiencing it first-hand in the United States (Maiese, 2003). Absolute Poverty, which academically can be defined as the lack of the minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life. This definition comes with much controversy because most Americans who have the bare basics to maintain life are still living in what is known as Relative Poverty. This would be a more appropriate definition as many of the poor lack the ability to liveRead MoreSocial Darwinism and Poverty1717 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Social Darwinism and Poverty The concept of Darwinism is more mundanely known as survival of the fittest. That means that the animals that are best suited for survival, which is best adapted to the society in which they live will be the ones that survive. Those that do not have skills and abilities which will allow them to live and thrive will die out. Consequently the next generation will be more comprised of far more creatures that have the more appropriate characteristics. Some have suggestedRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many factors that lead to poverty and homelessness. People often jump to conclusions and form stereotypes to look down upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more to just the mental perceived thoughts. I think one big cause of being in poverty or being homeless is by the choicesRead MorePoverty in the United States Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Many reforms in the UnitedStates have been passed to help fight against the â€Å"War on Poverty†; but it has not been effective in eradicating poverty in the U.S. There are about 46 million people who are living in impoverished conditions and poverty continues to be a social issue in this country (Heritage Foundation, 2011) In the beginning, our country was formed under the belief that â€Å"this land is the land of opportunity and if we worked hard enough the American Dream can be gained† (SchwarzRead MorePoverty and Deprivation Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty and Deprivation Absolute (or subsistence) Poverty is a term used to describe poverty that is measured as being without the resources to maintain health and physical efficiency. Basic human needs such as an amount of food, clothes and shelter are ways that ‘being in’ absolute poverty is measured. â€Å"a family is poor if it cannot afford to eat†. (Keith Joseph, 1979). The concept of absolute poverty was developed by Rowntree in the 19th century. Usually measuredRead MoreDelusion of Poverty1137 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty and Progress: Are we suffering from delusion of poverty? It is indeed that most Filipino today suffers from delusion of poverty which is a false belief of a person that he or she is impoverished or will be deprived of material possessions or a person’s mindset the he strongly believes that he is financially incapacitated. Many people will use the excuse of this is the way I was born or this is my environment and I cannot change it.   Through these statements it shows that most of theRead MoreChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 PagesChild poverty is a major and complex issue that New Zealand faces today. The degree is far more severe than the publics perception and it is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. A combination of factors contributes to child poverty, from individual causes at the micro level to the macro collective government involvement. This occurs partly due to social construction and it is potentially avoidable. The consequences can impact on both individual and to a great extent affect significantly onRead MoreDan Buettner s Chapter On Singapore1190 Words   |  5 PagesDan Buettner’s chapter on Singapore was very interesting, especially when comparing it to our American way of life. At first glance the idea of living in a country with very strict laws, su ch as public canings for what we would call a minor offense, was mind blowing to me. How could this be one of the happiest places in the world? Upon further study my mind was changed to some degree, in fact I could see myself visiting there some day, but only have studing on the most current laws. I think the UnitedRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Increased1669 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in the United States today. It is the lowest wage that employers can legally pay their employees. The world’s first minimum wage law was passed in the year eighteen ninety-four in New Zealand. New Zealand’s minimum wage experiment caught the attention of other countries. It made them start considering the law for their own countries. The United States passed their federal minimum wage law in nineteen thirty-eight. The federal minimum wage amount was first set at twenty-five cents per hour. SinceRead MoreA.Structural Mobility/Pg. 279: Movement Up Or Down The1561 Words   |   7 Pages279: Movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals. Structural mobility is huge to the people of Dharvi. Everyone there strives to move up on the social ladder. Yet some are okay with facing the facts of them might never move from where they are now. Structural mobility is the second basic type of mobility and refers to change in society that allows large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder.

Essay On Marcus Garvey - 1022 Words

Midterm Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Roosevelt Hawkins, Jr Black Political Social History Dr. Luckett October 11, 2017 Roosevelt Hawkins Black Political and Social History Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Who is arguably the father of 20th century Black Nationalism? Some may think of the leader W.E.B. Dubois or even Malcolm X as being the father. Truth be told, the term â€Å"Black Nationalism† boils down to one person. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr is his name. He was the youngest of eleven children and born on August 17, 1887 in St, Ann’s Bay Jamaica. His parents were Marcus Garvey, Sr and Sarah Jane Richards. Marcus Garvey’s father was strict and abusive, but molded him into a strong figure that would soon lead masses†¦show more content†¦To outside peers, UNIA was a beacon of hope in the black community. Garvey’s UNIA showcased Black excellence in black communities in America. He showed blacks, they were important and certainly could prosper that day in age. Garvey was dedicated to helping the black race and it was evident. His intentions were good, but his execution was poor. Many times, Garvey’s e go was his greatest stumbling block. It got in the way of his decision making abilities, which led to poor performance. His vision was for blacks all over the world to board his ships and reclaim their place back in Africa. Some of his ideas and actions over time were questioned by other leaders. Leeuwen states, â€Å"He met with a prominent leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Atlanta in 1922 to discuss their views on miscegenation and social equality. That meeting only gave more fuel to his critics. In 1924 DuBois claimed that Marcus Garvey is the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. Owen and Randolph, whose paper saw the race issue as one of class more than skin color, called Garvey the messenger boy of the Klan and a Supreme Negro Jamaican jackass In result of Garvey’s poor management skills, he would hire people with noShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marcus Garvey1339 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans of all time is Marcus Garvey. Marcus G arvey achieved accomplishments in not just one, but many areas. His accomplishments ranged from a worldwide Black political organization, The Untied Negro Improvement Association, to the first, and to this day the largest Black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Lines. Marcus was criticized by many of his fellow African American leaders because many of his projects failed. In despite of that, Marcus Garvey talent to attract followersRead MoreEssay about Marcus Garvey752 Words   |  4 PagesMarcus Garvey â€Å"Final Exam† Marcus Garvey, was born in Jamaica in 1887 and is considered to be the father of the Black Nationalism Movement. During the early 1900’s, after reading Booker T. Washington’s Up From Slavery, Garvey pledged to organize Blacks throughout the world with an agenda of Black unity and pride. Moreover, Garvey achieved his greatest influence in the Untied States where there was a growing ambition among Blacks for justice, wealth, and a sense of community. From theRead More Biography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Essay examples3604 Words   |  15 PagesBiography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Marcus Mosiah Garvey was the man who in the historical record brought unification and strength to Black people throughout the world. He traveled to many countries to see the poor working and living conditions of the black people. He started the United Negro Improvement Association and spoke out about the unjust behavior towards his people. He inspired and gave hope through speaking, teaching and writing. He used poetry to understand his own life and relay itRead More Comparison Of Marcus Garvey And David Duke Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand followed by many people throughout the history of America and will continue to be for a long time. Along with these debates come movements and with movements come leaders. Two well-known leaders of racially driven movements are Marcus Garvey and David Duke. Garvey was a black man looking to forward his fellow black manamp;#8217;s financial state and living conditions, and he became a leader for his movement. Duke is a white man who feels that with all of the racial diversity in this countryRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology - A Case Study On Marcus Garvey Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesCross Cultural Psychology – A Case Study on Marcus Garvey Introduction to African History Black people in the Western Hemisphere have in the past lacked the ability to represent their tales to their own selves, from their point of view in museums. The fact that African Universities, such as 14th century Djenne University of Timbuktu, had numerous volumes of manuscripts and books, the black kids in the Western Hemisphere were under the impression that Africans written history didn’t exist thereforeRead MoreThe s Theory Of Pan Africanism1347 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean-born Marcus Garvey. Garvey, a social activist, was prominent in the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements. Theories developed by Garvey inspired millions as he lectured about self-reliance and liberation of blacks to embark on the back-to-Africa movement. Achieving the goal of black liberation fueled the arguments presented by Marcus Garvey. Garvey’s theory of Pan-Africanism proved to be a dominant force in the unification of the African community. Throughout this essay, I wil l respondRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s The Fire Next Time 901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Black Arts Movement (1960s -1970s). He wrote many influential essays and poems that impacted many people’s views on the history and hardships African Americans went through living in America. James Baldwin explains in his essay that black people in America have to accept the way of white people in their own views. Baldwin shows the reader what it is like to be a â€Å"negro† and what they have to go through everyday life in his essay. Through his own views he describes the negative history of blacksRead MoreThe Pan African Consciousness904 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I know no national boundary where the Negro is concerned. The whole world is my province until Africa is free† (Garvey). These words by Marcus Garvey perfectly illustrate the spirit of unification that characterized the attitude of many people of African Descent as a direct result of the callous treatmen t that Africa as a whole suffered at the hands of Europeans. Europe not only ravished Africa of a significant resource in the millions of lives that it stole and enslaved. Europe also pillaged theRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacob Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesand how to arrange an argument or essay to appeal to that specific crowd is paramount. However, it is especially important for African-American authors, who typically need to expose injustices or call for social change in their works. In particular, two African-American authors who understood their audience and how to manipulate that understanding were Charles W. Chesnutt and Marcus Garvey. Although they were born only twenty-nine years apart, Chesnutt and Garvey technically wrote for different timeRead More Invisable Man - Black Leaders Essay2124 Words   |  9 Pagessegregated nation. Marcus Garvey was a militant black nationalist leader who created a amp;quot;Back to Africaamp;quot; movement. On the othe r side was Booker T. Washington who preached for racial uplift through educational attainments and economic advancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized

How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story Free Essays

Elizabeth Gaskell wrote this short story in 1852. It is based on revenge within a wealthy family. It is a ghost story where death plays a significant part. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The choice of story teller really makes this 19th century story work. The nurse who tells this story in first person perspective tells us how her early life comes to a halt when picked out to look after Miss Rosamond the cousin of a lord. The tone of this story is very natural, honest, genuine and believable and adds certain freshness. At the start it is a very slow build up. She relates to the reader by expressing her fears truly, she’s an outsider the same as the reader and we know this because she has no relation to this family. She also makes it very realistic and with no resistance. The impact of the setting is effective as the house is in the middle of no where, isolated and lonely. There are some safe areas in the house e. g. the kitchen, drawing room, nursery where there’s a sense of warmth but all together over whelming because of the size of the house. The writer describes the sounds and sights of this place and compares to where she used to live. There were oak trees â€Å"white and peeled with age† from this extract you can tell this place is very old and adds effectiveness to this description. â€Å"Branches dragged the wall† from this we realise this house isn’t looked after appropriately and in windy weather the characters would hear scraping against the wall which adds a sensation of mystery in the story. The east wing adds creepiness as no-one is allowed in there. It’s like a taboo and no-one knows what the room even looks like. â€Å"Except the east wing which was never opened† which suggests that some one keeps it locked to try to hide or forget about something. The way tension is built up through out the story adds to the feeling of unease. The organ begins this disturbing atmosphere when the weather isn’t good â€Å"someone â€Å"plays on the old organ but when Hester goes to look it’s broken. This adds apprehension. Rosamond’s mother dying very early in the story adds tension and suspense from the start. You are anxious to know is going to happen to Rosamond as she is so young. The writer adds thought to our minds while questioned with this. Tense and edgy is what we fell when the characters in the story only tell us a small part of the whole story and keeps the reader in need of more. When Dorothy reveals â€Å"If I show you, you must never let on† to Hester she firstly learns about Miss Graces’ sister having her portrait turned to face the wall. Automatically the reader is wondering why this family has done such a thing. The use made of the ghosts in the story makes you have all different kinds of perspectives towards them. The ghost of the old Lord Furnivall very sinfully pounds of the organ on nights with severe weather conditions. â€Å"He played more and more stormily and sadly on the great organ† This suggests that the playing of the organ grew stronger and louder as the weather got more unpleasant as they grew quickly into winter. When Hester confronted the staff about these incidents they all alleged that they hadn’t heard it or held the wind responsible. The danger the phantom child brought was far worse than the old Lords. â€Å"I could not choose but to go† Rosamond explained to Hester which says that the Phantom child has a power of Rosamond to make her pursue her to her mother up at the fells, where she would meet her death, but not only do they have a power over Rosamond they also have a power over Miss Furnivall. â€Å"Miss Furnivall shivered and shook so much† this makes the reader think why she is doing this and why she is so worried and scared. The ghosts are trying to achieve revenge on the family by killing Rosamond as the old Lord and Miss Furnivall killed them. Also before the ghosts come the atmosphere would change dramatically. â€Å"It grew dusk indoors† from this we can tell that the ghosts have immense power to turn the inside of the house dark while outside it is light and this is another fact of when the ghosts come the environment changes The use made of the family history is explaining the background this family has came from. The family history captures the mystery as the still don’t give you the story intact just little tasters to keep the reader interested and always wanting more. You find out why the ghosts are there after everything is told to Hester and are there because when alive were thrown out of the manor when Lord Furnivall found out that Miss Maude the elder sister of the two had a child and was married to a musician that Lord Furnivall invited to his house every year but for musical purposes only, also he thought no man was good enough for his daughters which made him more angry. The building up throughout the story gives this story great potential and promise to have a superior impact at the end. For example the violence in this story in one way is especially exciting and open. Its exciting by making us the reader anxious of the intensity Elizabeth Gaskell goes to to put the message across. She is very open because she initially doesn’t make it known to Hester that there is a chilling secret to this household and all of a sudden it comes out as if she cant keep it back any longer but all the way through she gives clues about it. Dorothy’s coloured changed once or twice† This tells us that Dorothy knew everything that had happened but either couldn’t say or didn’t want to bring back such bad memories. The images in this story are very obvious and the writer has described them unmistakably throughout the story which gives the reader a clear picture in their minds. One example from the book is â€Å"the vast heath-place which gave out no heat† This description makes the reader realise that this was not real but just a re-enactment of something which took place a long time ago. Ending on a moral gives the reader an opportunity to think about things they have done in the past and involves them so then they relate to the book, and that gives the book an exceptionally good end. The moral â€Å"What is done in youth can never been undone in age† concludes this 19th century story splendidly. Miss Furnivall mutters these words on her death bed which intensifies the whole story even though the climatic part is over and all together adds great effect. Ghost stories aren’t my favourite genre but I still appreciate them greatly! How to cite How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story?, Papers

The Importance of Being Earnest Pretensious Characters free essay sample

To what extent is this presented as true in ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’? In the Victorian era, society was built on set values concerning education, morality, marriage, property, and class. Wilde’s ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ addresses these topics in a style characteristic of a comedy of manners exposing the imprudence of society’s customs; projected through the characters he has created, this allows the audience to compare the pretensions of country characters to that of those from the town. Many people believe that in this play script, the town characters are far more susceptible to pretentious behaviour. However, others would disagree stating the playwright has cleverly created two groups of characters who may live in two different worlds, but both prove to be equally prone in succumbing to affectation. One of the key features of dramatic comedy is that â€Å"human endeavour is often seen as being pretentious [†¦] and therefore it should be exposed as foolish†. Wilde accomplishes this through most of his characters, perhaps most evidently in Cecily Cardew. The playwright first introduces us to this young woman at the beginning of the Second Act where we see her slighting the importance of education many times, commenting that German is not a â€Å"becoming language† and repetitively refers to the subjects she studies as â€Å"horrid†. She is a character who is solely concerned about what is â€Å"most fashionable† ultimately leading us to conclude this is a rather materialistic woman. However under closer inspection, some critics have interpreted Cecily’s watering the flower garden instead of studying German grammar as an indication of Cecily’s â€Å"love of nature and her disdain for tedious socio-academic expectations of society†. Critics have suggested that Cecily is perhaps the most realistic character within the play as she does not speak in epigrams as frequently as town characters such as Algernon. They would also argue that although she fibs about Miss Prism complaining about a â€Å"slight headache†, she ultimately has good intentions which are to bring Miss Prism and Dr Chasuble closer together implying she is in fact, not so pretentious when it comes to love. Conversely, other critics would argue that Cecily proves to have the same outrageous quirks as her town counterpart Gwendolen as they are both: intent on marrying a man named Earnest, eager to embrace each other as sisters, and quick to become rivals pitted against each other. Her ability to verbally spar with Gwendolen makes us truly question Jack’s preliminary description of Cecily as â€Å"a sweet simple, innocent girl† for the audience realise she is a rather quick-witted woman. She quips indirectly that Ernest’s association with Gwendolen is an â€Å"unfortunate entanglement† as if to be deliberately seeking a reaction out of Gwendolen. Wilde also shows us through stage directions that Cecily is not one to speak in outright truthfulness as she is described to speak â€Å"sweetly† and â€Å"sternly† when vocally battling with Gwendolen. She can proficiently make repartee such as â€Å"when I see a spade I call it a spade† which is a primary example that may be used to stress many a critics point that her ingenuity is much more pronounced than that of the town characters for she argues that she speaks nothing except the truth; the town characters appear to be shamelessly aware of their pretensions. Lady Bracknell in fact, insists in Act Three that she does â€Å"not propose to undeceive† her husband showing the audience she is aware Lord Bracknell state of blissful unawareness and she would â€Å"consider it wrong† to change this situation. Cecily’s adoration for Algernon is a reflection of the relationship between Gwendolen and Jack and begs us to question the authenticity of her love. Just as Gwendolen, she seems to be in love with the idea of Ernest as described to her by Jack. Cecily claims that Ernest has been the â€Å"chief topic of conversation† between herself and Miss Prism since the discovery of his â€Å"wicked and bad† status which highlights the country characters fanatical ways regarding trivial matters much like the town characters. It also implies Cecily holds a fascination for immorality, perhaps due to her quiet and arguably deprived upbringing. The idea that Ernest presents is perhaps a means of escape for her from her boring country life. She proves to be a fantasist who has â€Å"elaborated [her romance with Ernest] with as much artistry and enthusiasm as the men have their secret identities†. Wilde’s display of Cecily’s ability to act nonchalantly regarding the fact she has kept a diary recording imagined engagements and written letters to herself on behalf of Ernest is somewhat disturbing; it seems as if she believes the figment of her imagination to be true events that have taken place. Through Cecily’s inventive story-telling, Wilde shows the audience how she holds a sense of superiority over Algernon. She drives the plot during their scenes together and through her dialogue, is able to dominate Algernon by invoking the reactions which seem to please her. Wilde only emphasises her lack of depth by providing us with the excerpt of Miss Cardew’s diary regarding her broken engagement with Ernest. Here Wilde presents us with a mere three lines, one of which is in regards to the â€Å"charming† weather. This may be interpreted to represent Cecily as a restrained and inexpressive character helping highlight Oscar Wilde’s explorations of the comedy of manners as we deem the upper class woman to be emotionally deprived due to cultural expectations adding to the mockery regarding the rigid Victorian social customs. We could also argue that Jack Worthing embodies all pretensions due to the comical double identity he holds. Critics believe he represents the conventional Victorian values: wanting others to think he adheres to such notions as duty, honour, and respectability but he hypocritically flouts those very notions. This understanding attributes to dramatic comedy where characters routinely undermine the customs they set with their own behaviour. As a satirical comedy, Wilde succeeds in ridiculing the society in which he lived by exposing the trivial nature of the â€Å"respectable† people of his era. As Jack proposes to Gwendolen, he apologises to her for not being immoral stating â€Å"it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth†. This suggests that Jack has been aware of his conceited nature throughout the duration of the poem and through these words, Wilde again highlights how being pretentious is in Jack’s nature that to not be so, he is conscientiously appalled. However, it’s also arguable that Jack is a fictional representation of Wilde’s own lifestyle where he was forced to hide his homosexuality as it had been deemed unacceptable by Victorian standards. The dramatic comedy is divided into three short acts which helps the audience to trace Wilde’s development of each character. One of the more interesting character growths is perhaps Dr Chasuble. A man first introduced in the second act as a figure of respectability and ethical rightness who quickly demoralises by the end of the play. As a clergyman, it’s shocking to find he has no qualms with christening two men with the name â€Å"Ernest† without question. As critics have pointed out, Wilde has already â€Å"lampooned† Victorian Virtues such as social ascendance and education so it is not surprising that he targets religious piety too. Dr Chasuble only has one sermon which he himself reveals that he adapts it to â€Å"almost any occasion, joyful, or in the present case, distressing†. Wilde was once quoted saying â€Å"religion is the fashionable substitute of belief† and his principles can be seen here; this supposedly educated man whose use of meaningless multi-purpose sermons draws the audience’s attention to his unintentional impertinence which will surely invoke laughter and make us distrust his word throughout the play as the playwright seems to have intended. Chasuble also proves to be just as hypocritical as his fellow characters when he â€Å"severely† informs Lady Bracknell that he is a celibate before embracing his â€Å"Laetitia† a matter of minutes later. In conclusion, it is perhaps fair to say that the country characters hold just as many pretentions as the town characters. Some people will continue to argue whether the behaviour of the town characters can even be successfully labelled as pretentious as they do not try very hard to hide their superficial conduct.  Through the false mannerisms of these characters, Wilde reflects the hypocrisy of Victorian society of which he was most likely a recipient due to his controversial homosexual affair; those who had once seen him as a man of respectability now ostracised him.