poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down...

â€Å"Poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family.† Explain and assess this view. In this essay I will assess and explain the view that poverty is a way of life for the poor that is passed down from generation to generation through the family. Thus, firstly I will assess this view from the culture of poverty. Firstly, the idea of a culture of poverty was first introduced by Oscar Lewis. He developed the concept from his fieldwork among the urban poor in Mexico and Puerto Rico. Lewis argues the culture of poverty is a design for living transmitted from one generation to the next. The culture of poverty has the following elements, on the individual level, a strong feeling of†¦show more content†¦They regard a conventional family life as the ideal and strive to play the mainstream roles of a father. However, their income is insufficient to support a wife and a family. Facing daily situation of a failure, men often desert their family. On closer examination Liebow found little support for the streetcorner man’s rationale for marital failure. Marriages failed largely because the men had insufficient income to maintain them. The matrifocal families that were resulted were not due to a culture of poverty but simply to low-income. Liebow therefore rejects the idea of a culture of poverty or lower-class subculture and sees the behaviour of the poor as a product of situational constraint not of distinctive cultural patterns. Therefore, this shows that the family does not play any role in the prolong poverty but instead it had been the situational constraint that had forced them to stay as being poor. Thus, the statement that poverty is a way of life and had been passed down from generation to generation had not been entirely correct since it is proven that situational constraints are the actual problem. Lastly, according to Shane J. Blackman found that the young homeless had very similar aspirations as the other members of society, but situational constraints such as homelessness had been keeping them at one particular spot which is a t the state of poverty. Because of their homelessness, theirShow MoreRelatedThe Social Issue Of Poverty979 Words   |  4 Pagesaccurate definition of Poverty, because they are currently experiencing it first-hand in the United States (Maiese, 2003). Absolute Poverty, which academically can be defined as the lack of the minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life. This definition comes with much controversy because most Americans who have the bare basics to maintain life are still living in what is known as Relative Poverty. This would be a more appropriate definition as many of the poor lack the ability to liveRead MoreSocial Darwinism and Poverty1717 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Social Darwinism and Poverty The concept of Darwinism is more mundanely known as survival of the fittest. That means that the animals that are best suited for survival, which is best adapted to the society in which they live will be the ones that survive. Those that do not have skills and abilities which will allow them to live and thrive will die out. Consequently the next generation will be more comprised of far more creatures that have the more appropriate characteristics. Some have suggestedRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many factors that lead to poverty and homelessness. People often jump to conclusions and form stereotypes to look down upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more to just the mental perceived thoughts. I think one big cause of being in poverty or being homeless is by the choicesRead MorePoverty in the United States Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Many reforms in the UnitedStates have been passed to help fight against the â€Å"War on Poverty†; but it has not been effective in eradicating poverty in the U.S. There are about 46 million people who are living in impoverished conditions and poverty continues to be a social issue in this country (Heritage Foundation, 2011) In the beginning, our country was formed under the belief that â€Å"this land is the land of opportunity and if we worked hard enough the American Dream can be gained† (SchwarzRead MorePoverty and Deprivation Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty and Deprivation Absolute (or subsistence) Poverty is a term used to describe poverty that is measured as being without the resources to maintain health and physical efficiency. Basic human needs such as an amount of food, clothes and shelter are ways that ‘being in’ absolute poverty is measured. â€Å"a family is poor if it cannot afford to eat†. (Keith Joseph, 1979). The concept of absolute poverty was developed by Rowntree in the 19th century. Usually measuredRead MoreDelusion of Poverty1137 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty and Progress: Are we suffering from delusion of poverty? It is indeed that most Filipino today suffers from delusion of poverty which is a false belief of a person that he or she is impoverished or will be deprived of material possessions or a person’s mindset the he strongly believes that he is financially incapacitated. Many people will use the excuse of this is the way I was born or this is my environment and I cannot change it.   Through these statements it shows that most of theRead MoreChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 PagesChild poverty is a major and complex issue that New Zealand faces today. The degree is far more severe than the publics perception and it is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. A combination of factors contributes to child poverty, from individual causes at the micro level to the macro collective government involvement. This occurs partly due to social construction and it is potentially avoidable. The consequences can impact on both individual and to a great extent affect significantly onRead MoreDan Buettner s Chapter On Singapore1190 Words   |  5 PagesDan Buettner’s chapter on Singapore was very interesting, especially when comparing it to our American way of life. At first glance the idea of living in a country with very strict laws, su ch as public canings for what we would call a minor offense, was mind blowing to me. How could this be one of the happiest places in the world? Upon further study my mind was changed to some degree, in fact I could see myself visiting there some day, but only have studing on the most current laws. I think the UnitedRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Not Be Increased1669 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in the United States today. It is the lowest wage that employers can legally pay their employees. The world’s first minimum wage law was passed in the year eighteen ninety-four in New Zealand. New Zealand’s minimum wage experiment caught the attention of other countries. It made them start considering the law for their own countries. The United States passed their federal minimum wage law in nineteen thirty-eight. The federal minimum wage amount was first set at twenty-five cents per hour. SinceRead MoreA.Structural Mobility/Pg. 279: Movement Up Or Down The1561 Words   |   7 Pages279: Movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals. Structural mobility is huge to the people of Dharvi. Everyone there strives to move up on the social ladder. Yet some are okay with facing the facts of them might never move from where they are now. Structural mobility is the second basic type of mobility and refers to change in society that allows large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder.

Essay On Marcus Garvey - 1022 Words

Midterm Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Roosevelt Hawkins, Jr Black Political Social History Dr. Luckett October 11, 2017 Roosevelt Hawkins Black Political and Social History Marcus Mosiah Garvey, the Visionary Who is arguably the father of 20th century Black Nationalism? Some may think of the leader W.E.B. Dubois or even Malcolm X as being the father. Truth be told, the term â€Å"Black Nationalism† boils down to one person. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr is his name. He was the youngest of eleven children and born on August 17, 1887 in St, Ann’s Bay Jamaica. His parents were Marcus Garvey, Sr and Sarah Jane Richards. Marcus Garvey’s father was strict and abusive, but molded him into a strong figure that would soon lead masses†¦show more content†¦To outside peers, UNIA was a beacon of hope in the black community. Garvey’s UNIA showcased Black excellence in black communities in America. He showed blacks, they were important and certainly could prosper that day in age. Garvey was dedicated to helping the black race and it was evident. His intentions were good, but his execution was poor. Many times, Garvey’s e go was his greatest stumbling block. It got in the way of his decision making abilities, which led to poor performance. His vision was for blacks all over the world to board his ships and reclaim their place back in Africa. Some of his ideas and actions over time were questioned by other leaders. Leeuwen states, â€Å"He met with a prominent leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Atlanta in 1922 to discuss their views on miscegenation and social equality. That meeting only gave more fuel to his critics. In 1924 DuBois claimed that Marcus Garvey is the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. Owen and Randolph, whose paper saw the race issue as one of class more than skin color, called Garvey the messenger boy of the Klan and a Supreme Negro Jamaican jackass In result of Garvey’s poor management skills, he would hire people with noShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marcus Garvey1339 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans of all time is Marcus Garvey. Marcus G arvey achieved accomplishments in not just one, but many areas. His accomplishments ranged from a worldwide Black political organization, The Untied Negro Improvement Association, to the first, and to this day the largest Black-owned multinational businesses, the Black Star Lines. Marcus was criticized by many of his fellow African American leaders because many of his projects failed. In despite of that, Marcus Garvey talent to attract followersRead MoreEssay about Marcus Garvey752 Words   |  4 PagesMarcus Garvey â€Å"Final Exam† Marcus Garvey, was born in Jamaica in 1887 and is considered to be the father of the Black Nationalism Movement. During the early 1900’s, after reading Booker T. Washington’s Up From Slavery, Garvey pledged to organize Blacks throughout the world with an agenda of Black unity and pride. Moreover, Garvey achieved his greatest influence in the Untied States where there was a growing ambition among Blacks for justice, wealth, and a sense of community. From theRead More Biography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Essay examples3604 Words   |  15 PagesBiography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Marcus Mosiah Garvey was the man who in the historical record brought unification and strength to Black people throughout the world. He traveled to many countries to see the poor working and living conditions of the black people. He started the United Negro Improvement Association and spoke out about the unjust behavior towards his people. He inspired and gave hope through speaking, teaching and writing. He used poetry to understand his own life and relay itRead More Comparison Of Marcus Garvey And David Duke Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesand followed by many people throughout the history of America and will continue to be for a long time. Along with these debates come movements and with movements come leaders. Two well-known leaders of racially driven movements are Marcus Garvey and David Duke. Garvey was a black man looking to forward his fellow black manamp;#8217;s financial state and living conditions, and he became a leader for his movement. Duke is a white man who feels that with all of the racial diversity in this countryRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology - A Case Study On Marcus Garvey Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesCross Cultural Psychology – A Case Study on Marcus Garvey Introduction to African History Black people in the Western Hemisphere have in the past lacked the ability to represent their tales to their own selves, from their point of view in museums. The fact that African Universities, such as 14th century Djenne University of Timbuktu, had numerous volumes of manuscripts and books, the black kids in the Western Hemisphere were under the impression that Africans written history didn’t exist thereforeRead MoreThe s Theory Of Pan Africanism1347 Words   |  6 PagesCaribbean-born Marcus Garvey. Garvey, a social activist, was prominent in the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements. Theories developed by Garvey inspired millions as he lectured about self-reliance and liberation of blacks to embark on the back-to-Africa movement. Achieving the goal of black liberation fueled the arguments presented by Marcus Garvey. Garvey’s theory of Pan-Africanism proved to be a dominant force in the unification of the African community. Throughout this essay, I wil l respondRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s The Fire Next Time 901 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Black Arts Movement (1960s -1970s). He wrote many influential essays and poems that impacted many people’s views on the history and hardships African Americans went through living in America. James Baldwin explains in his essay that black people in America have to accept the way of white people in their own views. Baldwin shows the reader what it is like to be a â€Å"negro† and what they have to go through everyday life in his essay. Through his own views he describes the negative history of blacksRead MoreThe Pan African Consciousness904 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I know no national boundary where the Negro is concerned. The whole world is my province until Africa is free† (Garvey). These words by Marcus Garvey perfectly illustrate the spirit of unification that characterized the attitude of many people of African Descent as a direct result of the callous treatmen t that Africa as a whole suffered at the hands of Europeans. Europe not only ravished Africa of a significant resource in the millions of lives that it stole and enslaved. Europe also pillaged theRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacob Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesand how to arrange an argument or essay to appeal to that specific crowd is paramount. However, it is especially important for African-American authors, who typically need to expose injustices or call for social change in their works. In particular, two African-American authors who understood their audience and how to manipulate that understanding were Charles W. Chesnutt and Marcus Garvey. Although they were born only twenty-nine years apart, Chesnutt and Garvey technically wrote for different timeRead More Invisable Man - Black Leaders Essay2124 Words   |  9 Pagessegregated nation. Marcus Garvey was a militant black nationalist leader who created a amp;quot;Back to Africaamp;quot; movement. On the othe r side was Booker T. Washington who preached for racial uplift through educational attainments and economic advancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized

How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story Free Essays

Elizabeth Gaskell wrote this short story in 1852. It is based on revenge within a wealthy family. It is a ghost story where death plays a significant part. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The choice of story teller really makes this 19th century story work. The nurse who tells this story in first person perspective tells us how her early life comes to a halt when picked out to look after Miss Rosamond the cousin of a lord. The tone of this story is very natural, honest, genuine and believable and adds certain freshness. At the start it is a very slow build up. She relates to the reader by expressing her fears truly, she’s an outsider the same as the reader and we know this because she has no relation to this family. She also makes it very realistic and with no resistance. The impact of the setting is effective as the house is in the middle of no where, isolated and lonely. There are some safe areas in the house e. g. the kitchen, drawing room, nursery where there’s a sense of warmth but all together over whelming because of the size of the house. The writer describes the sounds and sights of this place and compares to where she used to live. There were oak trees â€Å"white and peeled with age† from this extract you can tell this place is very old and adds effectiveness to this description. â€Å"Branches dragged the wall† from this we realise this house isn’t looked after appropriately and in windy weather the characters would hear scraping against the wall which adds a sensation of mystery in the story. The east wing adds creepiness as no-one is allowed in there. It’s like a taboo and no-one knows what the room even looks like. â€Å"Except the east wing which was never opened† which suggests that some one keeps it locked to try to hide or forget about something. The way tension is built up through out the story adds to the feeling of unease. The organ begins this disturbing atmosphere when the weather isn’t good â€Å"someone â€Å"plays on the old organ but when Hester goes to look it’s broken. This adds apprehension. Rosamond’s mother dying very early in the story adds tension and suspense from the start. You are anxious to know is going to happen to Rosamond as she is so young. The writer adds thought to our minds while questioned with this. Tense and edgy is what we fell when the characters in the story only tell us a small part of the whole story and keeps the reader in need of more. When Dorothy reveals â€Å"If I show you, you must never let on† to Hester she firstly learns about Miss Graces’ sister having her portrait turned to face the wall. Automatically the reader is wondering why this family has done such a thing. The use made of the ghosts in the story makes you have all different kinds of perspectives towards them. The ghost of the old Lord Furnivall very sinfully pounds of the organ on nights with severe weather conditions. â€Å"He played more and more stormily and sadly on the great organ† This suggests that the playing of the organ grew stronger and louder as the weather got more unpleasant as they grew quickly into winter. When Hester confronted the staff about these incidents they all alleged that they hadn’t heard it or held the wind responsible. The danger the phantom child brought was far worse than the old Lords. â€Å"I could not choose but to go† Rosamond explained to Hester which says that the Phantom child has a power of Rosamond to make her pursue her to her mother up at the fells, where she would meet her death, but not only do they have a power over Rosamond they also have a power over Miss Furnivall. â€Å"Miss Furnivall shivered and shook so much† this makes the reader think why she is doing this and why she is so worried and scared. The ghosts are trying to achieve revenge on the family by killing Rosamond as the old Lord and Miss Furnivall killed them. Also before the ghosts come the atmosphere would change dramatically. â€Å"It grew dusk indoors† from this we can tell that the ghosts have immense power to turn the inside of the house dark while outside it is light and this is another fact of when the ghosts come the environment changes The use made of the family history is explaining the background this family has came from. The family history captures the mystery as the still don’t give you the story intact just little tasters to keep the reader interested and always wanting more. You find out why the ghosts are there after everything is told to Hester and are there because when alive were thrown out of the manor when Lord Furnivall found out that Miss Maude the elder sister of the two had a child and was married to a musician that Lord Furnivall invited to his house every year but for musical purposes only, also he thought no man was good enough for his daughters which made him more angry. The building up throughout the story gives this story great potential and promise to have a superior impact at the end. For example the violence in this story in one way is especially exciting and open. Its exciting by making us the reader anxious of the intensity Elizabeth Gaskell goes to to put the message across. She is very open because she initially doesn’t make it known to Hester that there is a chilling secret to this household and all of a sudden it comes out as if she cant keep it back any longer but all the way through she gives clues about it. Dorothy’s coloured changed once or twice† This tells us that Dorothy knew everything that had happened but either couldn’t say or didn’t want to bring back such bad memories. The images in this story are very obvious and the writer has described them unmistakably throughout the story which gives the reader a clear picture in their minds. One example from the book is â€Å"the vast heath-place which gave out no heat† This description makes the reader realise that this was not real but just a re-enactment of something which took place a long time ago. Ending on a moral gives the reader an opportunity to think about things they have done in the past and involves them so then they relate to the book, and that gives the book an exceptionally good end. The moral â€Å"What is done in youth can never been undone in age† concludes this 19th century story splendidly. Miss Furnivall mutters these words on her death bed which intensifies the whole story even though the climatic part is over and all together adds great effect. Ghost stories aren’t my favourite genre but I still appreciate them greatly! How to cite How Does Elizabeth Gaskell Create an Effective Ghost Story?, Papers

The Importance of Being Earnest Pretensious Characters free essay sample

To what extent is this presented as true in ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’? In the Victorian era, society was built on set values concerning education, morality, marriage, property, and class. Wilde’s ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’ addresses these topics in a style characteristic of a comedy of manners exposing the imprudence of society’s customs; projected through the characters he has created, this allows the audience to compare the pretensions of country characters to that of those from the town. Many people believe that in this play script, the town characters are far more susceptible to pretentious behaviour. However, others would disagree stating the playwright has cleverly created two groups of characters who may live in two different worlds, but both prove to be equally prone in succumbing to affectation. One of the key features of dramatic comedy is that â€Å"human endeavour is often seen as being pretentious [†¦] and therefore it should be exposed as foolish†. Wilde accomplishes this through most of his characters, perhaps most evidently in Cecily Cardew. The playwright first introduces us to this young woman at the beginning of the Second Act where we see her slighting the importance of education many times, commenting that German is not a â€Å"becoming language† and repetitively refers to the subjects she studies as â€Å"horrid†. She is a character who is solely concerned about what is â€Å"most fashionable† ultimately leading us to conclude this is a rather materialistic woman. However under closer inspection, some critics have interpreted Cecily’s watering the flower garden instead of studying German grammar as an indication of Cecily’s â€Å"love of nature and her disdain for tedious socio-academic expectations of society†. Critics have suggested that Cecily is perhaps the most realistic character within the play as she does not speak in epigrams as frequently as town characters such as Algernon. They would also argue that although she fibs about Miss Prism complaining about a â€Å"slight headache†, she ultimately has good intentions which are to bring Miss Prism and Dr Chasuble closer together implying she is in fact, not so pretentious when it comes to love. Conversely, other critics would argue that Cecily proves to have the same outrageous quirks as her town counterpart Gwendolen as they are both: intent on marrying a man named Earnest, eager to embrace each other as sisters, and quick to become rivals pitted against each other. Her ability to verbally spar with Gwendolen makes us truly question Jack’s preliminary description of Cecily as â€Å"a sweet simple, innocent girl† for the audience realise she is a rather quick-witted woman. She quips indirectly that Ernest’s association with Gwendolen is an â€Å"unfortunate entanglement† as if to be deliberately seeking a reaction out of Gwendolen. Wilde also shows us through stage directions that Cecily is not one to speak in outright truthfulness as she is described to speak â€Å"sweetly† and â€Å"sternly† when vocally battling with Gwendolen. She can proficiently make repartee such as â€Å"when I see a spade I call it a spade† which is a primary example that may be used to stress many a critics point that her ingenuity is much more pronounced than that of the town characters for she argues that she speaks nothing except the truth; the town characters appear to be shamelessly aware of their pretensions. Lady Bracknell in fact, insists in Act Three that she does â€Å"not propose to undeceive† her husband showing the audience she is aware Lord Bracknell state of blissful unawareness and she would â€Å"consider it wrong† to change this situation. Cecily’s adoration for Algernon is a reflection of the relationship between Gwendolen and Jack and begs us to question the authenticity of her love. Just as Gwendolen, she seems to be in love with the idea of Ernest as described to her by Jack. Cecily claims that Ernest has been the â€Å"chief topic of conversation† between herself and Miss Prism since the discovery of his â€Å"wicked and bad† status which highlights the country characters fanatical ways regarding trivial matters much like the town characters. It also implies Cecily holds a fascination for immorality, perhaps due to her quiet and arguably deprived upbringing. The idea that Ernest presents is perhaps a means of escape for her from her boring country life. She proves to be a fantasist who has â€Å"elaborated [her romance with Ernest] with as much artistry and enthusiasm as the men have their secret identities†. Wilde’s display of Cecily’s ability to act nonchalantly regarding the fact she has kept a diary recording imagined engagements and written letters to herself on behalf of Ernest is somewhat disturbing; it seems as if she believes the figment of her imagination to be true events that have taken place. Through Cecily’s inventive story-telling, Wilde shows the audience how she holds a sense of superiority over Algernon. She drives the plot during their scenes together and through her dialogue, is able to dominate Algernon by invoking the reactions which seem to please her. Wilde only emphasises her lack of depth by providing us with the excerpt of Miss Cardew’s diary regarding her broken engagement with Ernest. Here Wilde presents us with a mere three lines, one of which is in regards to the â€Å"charming† weather. This may be interpreted to represent Cecily as a restrained and inexpressive character helping highlight Oscar Wilde’s explorations of the comedy of manners as we deem the upper class woman to be emotionally deprived due to cultural expectations adding to the mockery regarding the rigid Victorian social customs. We could also argue that Jack Worthing embodies all pretensions due to the comical double identity he holds. Critics believe he represents the conventional Victorian values: wanting others to think he adheres to such notions as duty, honour, and respectability but he hypocritically flouts those very notions. This understanding attributes to dramatic comedy where characters routinely undermine the customs they set with their own behaviour. As a satirical comedy, Wilde succeeds in ridiculing the society in which he lived by exposing the trivial nature of the â€Å"respectable† people of his era. As Jack proposes to Gwendolen, he apologises to her for not being immoral stating â€Å"it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth†. This suggests that Jack has been aware of his conceited nature throughout the duration of the poem and through these words, Wilde again highlights how being pretentious is in Jack’s nature that to not be so, he is conscientiously appalled. However, it’s also arguable that Jack is a fictional representation of Wilde’s own lifestyle where he was forced to hide his homosexuality as it had been deemed unacceptable by Victorian standards. The dramatic comedy is divided into three short acts which helps the audience to trace Wilde’s development of each character. One of the more interesting character growths is perhaps Dr Chasuble. A man first introduced in the second act as a figure of respectability and ethical rightness who quickly demoralises by the end of the play. As a clergyman, it’s shocking to find he has no qualms with christening two men with the name â€Å"Ernest† without question. As critics have pointed out, Wilde has already â€Å"lampooned† Victorian Virtues such as social ascendance and education so it is not surprising that he targets religious piety too. Dr Chasuble only has one sermon which he himself reveals that he adapts it to â€Å"almost any occasion, joyful, or in the present case, distressing†. Wilde was once quoted saying â€Å"religion is the fashionable substitute of belief† and his principles can be seen here; this supposedly educated man whose use of meaningless multi-purpose sermons draws the audience’s attention to his unintentional impertinence which will surely invoke laughter and make us distrust his word throughout the play as the playwright seems to have intended. Chasuble also proves to be just as hypocritical as his fellow characters when he â€Å"severely† informs Lady Bracknell that he is a celibate before embracing his â€Å"Laetitia† a matter of minutes later. In conclusion, it is perhaps fair to say that the country characters hold just as many pretentions as the town characters. Some people will continue to argue whether the behaviour of the town characters can even be successfully labelled as pretentious as they do not try very hard to hide their superficial conduct.  Through the false mannerisms of these characters, Wilde reflects the hypocrisy of Victorian society of which he was most likely a recipient due to his controversial homosexual affair; those who had once seen him as a man of respectability now ostracised him.

Solitary Happiness Flow free essay sample

Thesis: In all aspects of the areas of social and solitary happiness the goal is to sort out happiness. Being self sufficient should never to be confused with a friendless atmosphere, and social will require an audience for accomplishing something good. There are two exclusions to achieving happiness through solitary commitment and social dedication. The boundaries of both should be kept in moderation mode. Happiness is obtained, through deep thought, and hard work sorting out what one wants out of life. Some solitary, social happiness can be risky to the mental state of being if not used with self control and balance. Introduction: The authentic analogy of the two types of happiness, social, solitary from different aspects. Each of these is selected depending on the comfort zone, emotion, and the rapture of pleasures one receive while searching for happiness. Happiness is a mental state of well-being which is focused on people, things, and behaviors that will inspire one in a positive way. We will write a custom essay sample on Solitary Happiness Flow or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Living ones entire life searching for this magical sensation only to realize there is never satisfaction from finding it. The premise of both theories is one works and the other works according to which you chose to obtain it from. Outline: A. The first form of happiness is solitary and the effects on an individual experiencing solitary confinement with their own commitment to happiness. 1. The danger in solitary happiness 2. Being in control of your time, and making your happiness the center point. 3. Having solitude in the comfort ability of one’s own company. B. Finding happiness with people, and sharing life experiences in a social environment. 1. The thermostat of happiness regulated in society. 2. Relationships between two people. 3. Choosing what kind of happiness that will satisfy your yearning. Conclusion: The social and the solitary is both evenly needed to reach the ultimate altitude of successfully experiencing happiness. Without a balance between the two how could your goals of happiness be fully knowledgeable. The emotions become a condition that is accustomed to opportunities to initiate a happy feeling. The triggers are enlightened by a warm feeling of a particular need to want more of the sensation only to find a bottomless pit. Most will spend a lifetime of pursuing a goal of finding happiness forcing the desire of wanting more. Once the urge is in overdrive there is a constant need of needing to find more happiness on a higher level. The addictive behavior will put the state of mind in a risky precarious way of thinking about how much happiness is enough. There are statistics that many prefer to be entirely alone to experience happiness. The balance of solitary, and social happiness must be done in moderation evenly distribute. Happiness isn’t found in people, material things, it’s found within your heart. Happiness is not hard to find only if you look within yourself it was there all the time.

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Essay Example Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paper Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Paper Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Market Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends And Forecast, 2013 2019 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) are a filtration device used for removing fine particulate matter from an exhaust gas by means of an electrostatic force. ESPs possess high collection efficiency and can handle large gas volumes at high temperatures. This renders them vital to heavy industries such as steel mills cement plants, and especially to thermal power plants. Combustion processes in coal-fired power plants receive a performance boost with the use of ESPs. They also act as conditioning systems for the fly ash and flue gases produced during the process.Visit Complete Report Here: marketresearchreports.biz/analysis-details/electrostatic-precipitator-esp-market-global-industry-analysis-size-share-growth-trends-and-forecast-2013-2019 Environmental, Health, Safety guidelines emphasize the need for better air quality air pollution control, something achievable to a great extent with the use of ESPs. This industry is aiming towards higher efficiency numbers, especially in coal-fired electricity generation. Increased adoption of newer technologies subsequent renovation by existing power plants prove to be very attractive opportunities for this market in the future. Since demand for thermal power generation is not going to recede, the threat level for the ESP industry is minimal.The technological segmentation of ESPs is done depending onthe characteristics of particulate matter involved and volume of the exhaust gas. Based upon whether steam is used, the classification is done as wet ESP and dry ESP. The primary segmentation for ESP’s are done on the basis of the components. The earlier design of the parallel plate-weighted wire has now been replaced by modern versions including the pipe-frame design. Asia is the market leader for new systems as well as the repair upgrade of existing ESPs. This is mainly

What are the distinctive features of Christian democracy Essay

What are the distinctive features of Christian democracy - Essay Example A Christian democratic government is therefore reform-minded on national economic and fiscal issues. The Christian democrats in Europe more or less follow their Christian leanings and try to apply this in their governmental policies when formulating these policies. But on the other hand, the Christian democrats in other parts of the world (such as in Latin America) are more inclined to the left-of-centre in their political views while their European counterparts can be said to be located towards the right-of-centre of the political spectrum. However, both type of Christian democrats can be said to favour using Christian teachings in their policies. This short paper discusses the distinctive features of a Christian democratic institution. Hopefully, it will enlighten the reader on the various shades of what constitutes the Christian democracy as it is being practised today and help understand how current world events often are shaped by the views of these Christian democratic governments in power. Conservatism and Christian democracy are almost the same in many respects, except for their perceived link to organised religion and the adoption of religious values (Hanley, 1996:32). Christian democracy is primarily an attempt to apply humanitarian principles in matter of political thought. However, because Christian democracy embraces a lot of different ideas, it is sometimes very difficult to categorize it into a single clear-cut ideology. In other words, a political ideology like Christian democracy can significantly evolve over a period of time and in their different political landscapes or context. It has elements in it that are sometimes more in common with conservatism, liberalism and even socialism. These features make it difficult to classify it as a specific ideology but these same features make it distinctive. Traditional Moral Values – the ideology of Christian democracy,

Rising unemployment does not stops the advance of globalisation Essay

Rising unemployment does not stops the advance of globalisation - Essay Example According to Goyal (2006), globalization refers to the integration of the world’s economies through trade, financial flows, and mutual exchanges related to both technology and knowledge. Moreover, it entails free inter- country movement of labour, while, in the developing countries, it entails providing a chance for foreign direct investment through the provision of facilities to foster investment in different economic activities. Prasad, Rogoff, Wei and Kose (2003) contend that globalization has assisted the developing countries to manage the output and consumption volatility in their countries. Therefore, importance of having a diversified global finance offers a chance of offloading their income risk in the world market to develop countries, and the developing counties benefit from international consumption risk sharing, whereby they sell off a stake of domestic output to gain returns from the global output. Unemployment is defined as the situation when people are facing crisis in job opportunities due to the unpredictable nature of economy. This happens despite the fact that people have education background and with eligibility for job they remain being unemployed. There are various types of unemployment, which are differing with the causes in the economy. These different types of unemployment have different effects on people in an economy. Alteration in demand for these goods and services is caused by everyday launching of new products in any particular market; thus, it creates opportunities in certain areas and in the same way reduces job opportunities in other places. The reemployment can only be possible if the workers relocate to other places where there are opportunities and this facilitates globalisation. Unemployment also occurs due to capital-labour substitution, which causes a reduction in demand for labour, and it can also be caused by long run decline in demand in the indust ry; thus, the unemployment increases due to a mismatch between skills and the requirements of the job vacant. Globalization relates to technology, whereby it facilitates the acquisition of technology especially in developing countries. According to UNDP (2007), the significance of technological advancement has a positive influence on the economic growth of developing counties through the increase of productivity of land, labour, capital, reduction of cost of production and improving the quality of outputs. Globalization also offers a chance for developing countries to be internationally competitive depending on the level of technological advancement. In fact, this contributes substantially to the export development and domestic production in the local markets, and it also leads to trade liberalization. However, technological advancement may cause unemployment among developing countries fostered by the globalization, and this becomes a vital element for competitiveness and economic v iability. Increasing unemployment among developing countries has been promoting globalization since people seek employment in other countries leading to interactions that promote globalization. On the other hand, globalization to the developing countries relates to international financing of countercyclical safety net programs that are established in the market economies affected by the crises of global liquidity (Birdsall, 1999). There is a condition that is set out to make the financing appropriate, and it entails solid records of substantial fiscal policy in the countries that are beneficiaries. It also focuses on the political capacity that equates to programs that are free from corruption, hence unwinding them during the crisis and long-run capacity for servicing the resultant external debt. Apparently, all this initiatives are made with a motive of dealing with

The Carol Web Portal (CWP) Project Planning Coursework

The Carol Web Portal (CWP) Project Planning - Coursework Example This project report will give an overview of the system as it is perceived and will discuss various milestones of the CWP.   The software is destined to be a web-based system with several independent modules to be implemented as and when required.   These modules include Concert Management Module, Fan Club Module, Inventory Module, Order Management Module and Payroll System.  As the system is designed to be a complete web portal, therefore, it has to have following important system components and servers. The CWP will use visual studio 2005 platform, the frontend will be developed in ASP dotNet, business logic will be implemented using C Sharp and SQL Server 2005 will be used as backend database system for the portal. The CWP will be developed to sustain many unforeseen circumstances in various steps to respond to contingency include the availability of Uninterruptable Power Supply system, standby servers, system maintenance equipment and staff etc. The CWP will be the complete solution for Carol the singer and it will fully digitize the environment, orders will be placed online, system generated invoices, fully integrated email system, staff payroll system is some of the important segments of the portal. These systems along with other functionalities will provide value to the system users and will help to establish a paperless environment. Moreover, the backups and disaster recovery strategies will ensure prompt system and data recovery. The CWP is required to support all activities of the Carol Concerts, staff management, fan club management, email management, order and invoice management and other activities related to duo Val and Tyne Card. The success of the system depends on its availability around the clock, functional support for all requisite operations highlighted in the requirement analysis of the system.

Study On What Is Absenteeism Management Essay

Study On What Is Absenteeism Management Essay To many in the world of work, absenteeism is one of those stubborn problems for which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..there is no clear culprit and no easy cure (Rhodes Steers, 1990). Furthermore, as a general phenomenon it does not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, race and religion. Bydawell (2000) postulates that employers have the right to expect good attendance from their employees as employment is a contract between two consenting parties. The author additionally states that absentee issues will undeniably arise within the employment relationship, and should be resolved in a way which is fair and unbiased to both the employer and the employee. Absenteeism can be very costly to organisations and gargantuan reserves can be realised through successful management of non-attendance at work. in addition to the cost implications, absenteeism is influenced by dozens of interconnected factors which make it even more difficult to quantify, qualify, or rectify (Tylczak , 1990). One of these factors which have been cited by different researchers is an employees level of job satisfaction in the workplace. In combination with this, George and Jones (2002) maintain that many scholars have studied the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction in an attempt to discover ways to reduce absenteeism. Early job satisfaction research has emphasised the fundamental assumption that job disappointment represents the main reason of absenteeism (Steers, Porter Bigley, 1996). McShanes (1984) review as quoted by Steers et al. (1996) supported the notion that employees who are disappointed with various aspects of their jobs are more likely to be absent. Studies by McShane (1984) found job satisfaction to be more highly related to frequency of absences than to number of days lost (St eers et al., 1996, p. 409). Rhodes and Steers (1990) propose that employee attendance is based on an employees motivation to attend as well as their capability to attend. According to George and Jones (2002), job satisfaction is one of the factors affecting an employees motivation to attend. It becomes important to calculate the strength of the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as positive attitudes can at times serve to pull the individual towards the organisation and the reverse can be expected when attitudes are more negative (George Jones, 2002, p. 94). An employees ability to attend is influenced on the other hand by factors such as family responsibilities, transportation problems, accidents and etc. Once all these variables are recognized, managers may begin to understand why employees sometimes choose not to come to work when they are fully capable of attending. By the same token, it is equally important for managers to understand those circumstances in which people, for whatever reason (illness or otherwise), are genuinely unable to come to work (Rhodes Steers, 1990). Furthermore, the question most people would ask is what is an acceptable absenteeism rate? In terms of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997), an employee is entitled to 30 working days sick leave in a three-year period. Bydawell (2000) states that if all the employees within a company jointly take their full entitlement, the companys absenteeism rate will run at approximately 4 %, which is generally believed to be tolerable. Some companies permit employees to exceed their 30 days, but in these instances it would be regarded as unpaid leave. typically organisations do not take these additional days into account when calculating their absenteeism rate and it results in an mistaken estimation of the situation. Bydawell (2000) purports that in reality, many companies run at absenteeism rates as high as 12 % without even realising it. Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never get rid of, but they can rather control and manage it. George and Jones (2002) note that organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may want to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional. Before looking at the causes, outcomes and issues related to absenteeism i need to look at the definition of the following terms: Absenteeism Job satisfaction Absenteeism In terms of the discussion, the three terms absence, absenteeism and sickness absence will be used as synonymous in sense, implying that workers who were scheduled for work and expected to attend, did not turn up. Cascio (2003) defines absenteeism as any failure of an employee to report for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of the motive. Milkovich and Boudreau (1994) describe absenteeism from an organisations point of view as the frequency and/or duration of work time lost when employees do not come to work. Absenteeism therefore implies an unplanned, disruptive incident; but more distinctively, it can be seen as non-attendance when an employee is listed for work (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988). Job satisfaction Spector (1997) stated that job satisfaction merely as the extent to which people like their jobs and the different aspects of their jobs. Job satisfaction is also defined as a reaction towards different facets of ones job that is a person can be relatively satisfied with one aspect of his or her job and dissatisfied with other aspects (French, 1998; George Jones, 2002; Kreitner Kinicki, 2001). Robbins (1998) defines job satisfaction as a general approach towards ones job; the difference between the quantity workers receive and the amount they consider they should receive. http://www.jstor.org/pss/255965 (accessed at 13/04/2010) http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 13/04/2010) www.CottrillsReward.com/motivation (accessed at 13/04/2010) Types of Absenteeism Absenteeism can be classified into three broad categories (Van der Merwe and Miller, 1998) as under; Sickness absence, Authorised absence or absence with permission and Unexcused absence or absence without leave. Sickness Absence Sickness absence is a category where employees claim health problem as their reason for absence. Requirements regarding medical or doctors certificates vary and are determined by company policy or the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA). The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997) is that a certificate needs to be produced after two days of sickness absence. Most managers have found that certification is not a guarantee of genuine absence as it has become easy for people to gain access to medical certificates. Authorised Absence / Absence with Permission Absence with permission is where workforce gives an justification for their absence whether that be for holidays, study leave, special leave etc. Usually such a request is included in the absence policy (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988). Unexcused Absence All absences that do not fall in above mentioned categories and where no valid reason is given or not accepted are known as unexcused absences (Van Der Merwe Miller, 1988). This type of absence, when it reaches difficult extent, will have to be pointed out to employees in question in command to fetch their attendance in line with satisfactory standards. Employees who come to work later in the day or who disappear earlier are in general not recorded on the leave records of employers and the manager is normally aware of such absences (Wolmarans, 1994). A MODEL OF ABSENTEEISM Aamodt (1996) maintains that before an organisation spends time and money trying to stop absenteeism, it must first be aware of the theories around why people dont turn up on work. different models have been developed to describe absence deeds, but the Integrated Model of Attendance developed by Rhodes and Steers (1990) provides a heuristic structure on the different factors influencing employee attendance (FIGURE1.). FIGURE1 Source : Absenteeism Model, Source: Rhodes Steers (1990, p. 46) FIGURE1 suggests that an employees attendance (Box 8) is primarily determined by two important variables: An employees motivation to attend (Box 6) An employees ability to attend (Box 7) The authors further suggest that the employees motivation to attend is influenced by two factors: Satisfaction with the job situation (Box 4) Pressures to attend (Box 5). In the context of this model, the job situation refers to the general working environment and not only the nature of the tasks. Rhodes and Steers (1990) list seven factors related to the job situation that could guide to increased job satisfaction namely (Box 1): job scope job level, role stress size of the work group style of the leader, co-worker relations and the opportunity for advancement. A few of these factors are explained briefly. If, for example, the particular management style is dictatorial and disliked by staff, it could cause friction and poor attendance might be the consequence (Rhodes Steers, 1990). In terms of co-worker relations, Johns (1996) argues that group norm have a strong impact on attendance levels. Du Plessis et al. (2003) found that a culture of absenteeism amongst one group of employees might influence work values and devotion of other employees. New employees seem to adopt the existing culture, values, norms and standards of the organisation which they join, i.e. they might be influenced by the present absenteeism norms in the organisation (Rosseau, 1985 as quoted by Du Plessis et al., 2003). Lau, Au and Ho (2003) found that industries with a high group absence rate also had higher levels of individual absences. Organisations are therefore faced with the challenge of managing absence behaviours within groups as it influences the behaviour of e mployees entering the organisation. Furthermore, the model suggested that employees values and expectations also have an influence on employee attendance (Box 2). Attitudes, values and goals differ considerably from person to person, depending on what is important for the individual at a particular point in time. Rhodes and Steers (1990) postulate that work related attitudes (for example, job involvement) can play a significant role in determining how employees view the psychological contract between employees and management, as well as how committed they are to coming to work. Further variables cited by these authors include personal work ethics and the centrality of work which refers to how important work is in a persons life goals. The decision by an employee to absent him/herself is thus related to the importance attached to work. Another factor influencing attendance is the personal characteristics and backgrounds of employees (Box 3). Tylczak (1990) terms this category employee specifics and includes things like gender roles, desire to spend time with friends and hobbies. As an example, older, more established employees might be more stable and might report fewer sick leave incidents than younger employees who do not mind risking their jobs due to absence. Closely related to this is the question of whether lifestyle choices influence absenteeism. According to Ericson (2001), lifestyle choices such as smoking, drinking and other substances could influence absenteeism. Common in organisations is the trend of employees taking sick leave either on a Friday or on a Monday due to alcohol and other substance abuse. Ericson (2001) maintains that the area of lifestyle choice is probably the hardest part of absenteeism management to address, as it blurs the lines between personal habits and the workplace. An organisation can offer counselling services to help resolve these personal problems in an attempt to reduce absenteeism levels. These plans are in general referred to as employee support programmes (EAPs) and is defined as a confidential counselling and referral service provided by organisations as an employee advantage (Strazewski, 2005). Finally, the model suggests that there are certain pressures to attend (Box 5) which have an influence on an employees motivation to attend and these include the economic/market conditions (like unemployment), incentive and reward systems, personal work ethic and organisational commitment. Hence, if unemployment levels are high, people might be less willing to take sick leave for fear of losing their jobs (Rhodes Steers, 1990). There are also factors that constrain an employees ability or capacity to attend (Box 7) Illness Family related and transport problems Individual personality traits Demographic variables also impact on absenteeism and includes like; Age Tenure (length of an employment) Marital status Number of dependents Gender Job level etc. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 14/04/2010) Common Reasons behind Absenteeism Some of the common reasons behind absenteeism are as under; Serious accidents and illness Low morale Workload Employee discontent with the work environment Benefits which continue income during periods of illness or accident The existence of income protection plans (collective agreement ) Poor working conditions Boredom on the job Inadequate leadership and poor supervision Personal problems (financial, marital, substance abuse, child care etc.) Poor physical fitness The existence of income protection plans (collective agreement ) Transportation problems Stress http://superfriends13.tripod.com/causes_absent.htm (accessed at 14/04/2010) Absenteeism measurement Rhodes and Steers (1990) point out that measuring absenteeism can serve four purposes to organisations, namely, to administer payroll and benefit programmes, for production scheduling, to identify absenteeism problems and to measure and control personnel costs. Administering payroll and benefits programs According to Rhodes and Steers (1990), information about who is present and who is absent from work can assist organisations in determining whether absence is compensable under a benefit program or other contractual arrangements. Production scheduling Rhodes and Steers (1990) maintain that it is important to have absence data available as it can assist managers in planning for which human resources will be needed to meet production requirements. In this way, organisations will avoid the cost of overstaffing and also be protected from having too few employees at work. Identifying absenteeism problems To assess whether there is an absenteeism problem, it is important to measure absenteeism and have this data available. This could assist in determining if some departments have higher absence rates than others, how an organisation compares with others in the industry, whether there is a certain trend and so forth (Robinson, 2002). Measuring and controlling personnel costs Excessive absence can be costly to organisations. Anderson (2004, p. 26) notes that unexpected absence costs corporate America billions of dollars annually in direct costs. By measuring absence, the organisation could estimate the costs, thereby reducing its effect on the organisation. Moreover it can facilitate the determination of which proportion of absenteeism managers are able to control, in order to devise appropriate strategies to reduce absence in the workplace (Rhodes Steers, 1990). According to (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988) the two most widely used measures of absence are: The Gross Absence Rate (GAR), which measures the extent of absence Absence Frequency Rate (AFR), which measures the incidence of absence taking). The Gross Absence Rate (GAR) the formula for GAR is as follows: GAR = ÃŽ 100 The disadvantage of the GAR is that it gives an overall figure and can be distorted by long sick absences. Two or three employees who are on sick leave for a few weeks, could inflate the organisations GAR and could give an incorrect impression of a severe absence problem. Absence Frequency Rate (AFR) The AFR is used to overcome these disadvantages.The formula for calculating AFR is as follows: AFR = Van der Merwe and Miller (1988) note that when computing the AFR, each absence, irrespective of the length, is counted as one incident. The AFR is expressed as a ratio, and normally it is given per month, i.e. the absence incidents per person per month. These two measures provide a useful summary description of both the extent and frequency of absence in organisations. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_init_6525_1175242441.pdf (accessed at 16/04/2010) Cost related to absenteeism Absenteeism is costly and managers are continuously exploring ways to reduce the cost. Bydawell (2000) and Schumacher (2004) underlined the growing concern that employees who absent themselves and present doctors certificates, are in fact absent for non-health related matters. Some employees even use their sick leave as vacation days when they have shattered their annual leave benefits. This makes it very difficult for managers as some employees have an entitlement state of mind. Haswell (2003) maintains that it is unlikely that absenteeism can be completely eradicated in organisations hence, financial provision should be made for sick benefits. To determine whether absence is really a problem to be addressed, the organisation has to measure the costs of absence to the organisation. A number of studies have attempted to determine the financial implications of absenteeism. Chadwick-Jones (1982) as cited by Butler (1994, p. 26) estimated that one days absence by an employee costs the organisation one and a half times the daily rate of pay of that employee. Most companies probably use their own methods of determining the cost associated with absenteeism. However, according to Butler (1994), there are a few ways to estimate absenteeism costs. One of these is the aggregate approach that estimates the number of additional employees to be hired to offset the effects of absenteeism. The company thus hires casual labour or temporary employees to fill in for the absent employees, especially in positions that cannot be left vacant, for example, an organisations receptionist position. Goodman and Atkin (2000) as cited by Butler (1994, p. 26) indicate that the cost therefore of recruiting, selecting, training and paying these additional employees represents one way in which the costs of absenteeism can be estimated. Another approach estimates the incremental costs per day associated with the absent employee, for example, salary and pension that still have to be paid during the employees absence. According to Butler (1994, p. 26), if an employee is absent and a casual/temporary employee is hired, the task of management is to compare the costs that would have been involved if the absent employee had come to work, plus the additional costs of hiring a replacement employee. It is important then for organisations to have a proper system in place to determine the costs of absenteeism, so that it can be managed effectively. 5. Organizational Behaviour Theories and Absenteeism 5.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs f motivation is driven by the existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a manager to understand which needs are the more important for individual employees. In this regard, Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low-level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self-fulfilment are pursued. In this hierarchical model, when a need is mostly satisfied it no longer motivates and the next higher need takes its place. Maslows hierarchy of needs is shown in the following diagram: Implications for Management Maslows theory holds, there are some important implications for management. There are opportunities to motivate employees through management style, job design, company events, and compensation packages, some examples of which follow: Physiological needs: Provide lunch breaks, rest breaks, and wages that are sufficient to purchase the essentials of life. Safety Needs: Provide a safe working environment, retirement benefits, and job security. Social Needs: Create a sense of community via team-based projects and social events. Esteem Needs: Recognize achievements to make employees feel appreciated and valued. Offer job titles that convey the importance of the position. Self-Actualization: Provide employees a challenge and the opportunity to reach their full career potential. 5.2 Herzbergs Motivation Hygiene Theory (Two Factor Theory) To better understand employee attitudes and motivation, Frederick Herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. He published his findings in the 1959 book The Motivation to Work. The studies included interviews in which employees where asked what pleased and displeased them about their work. Herzberg found that the factors causing job satisfaction (and presumably motivation) were different from that causing job dissatisfaction. He developed the motivation-hygiene theory to explain these results. He called the satisfiers motivators and the dissatisfiers hygiene factors, using the term hygiene in the sense that they are considered maintenance factors that are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but that by themselves do not provide satisfaction. Details available at: http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/mcclelland/ (Accessed on April 24, 2010) Factors Affecting Job Attitude Leading to Satisfaction Leading to Dissatisfaction Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth Company policy Supervision Relationship w/Boss Work conditions Salary Relationship Implication for Management Herzberg argued that job enrichment is required for intrinsic motivation, and that it is a continuous management process. According to Herzberg: The job should have sufficient challenge to utilize the full ability of the employee. Employees who demonstrate increasing levels of ability should be given increasing levels of responsibility. If a job cannot be designed to use an employees full abilities, then the firm should consider automating the task or replacing the employee with one who has a lower level of skill. If a person cannot be fully utilized, then there will be a motivation problem. Critics of Herzbergs theory argue that the two-factor result is observed because it is natural for people to take credit for satisfaction and to blame dissatisfaction on external factors. Furthermore, job satisfaction does not necessarily imply a high level of motivation or productivity. 5.3 McClelland Theory of Needs In his acquired-needs theory, David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones life experiences. Most of these needs can be classed as achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs. McClellands theory sometimes is referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory. 5.3.1 Achievement People with a high need for achievement (nAch) seek to excel and thus tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations. Achievers avoid low-risk situations because the easily attained success is not a genuine achievement. In high-risk projects, achievers see the outcome as one of chance rather than ones own effort. High nAch individuals prefer work that has a moderate probability of success, ideally a 50% chance. Achievers need regular feedback in order to monitor the progress of their achievements. They prefer either to work alone or with other high achievers. 5.3.2 Affiliation Those with a high need for affiliation (nAff) need harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by other people. They tend to conform to the norms of their work group. High nAff individuals prefer work that provides significant personal interaction. They perform well in customer service and client interaction situations. 5.3.3 Power A persons need for power (nPow) can be one of two types personal and institutional. Those who need personal power want to direct others, and this need often is perceived as undesirable. Persons who need institutional power (also known as social power) want to organize the efforts of others to further the goals of the organization. Managers with a high need for institutional power tend to be more effective than those with a high need for personal power. Implications for Management People with different needs are motivated differently. High need for achievement High achievers should be given challenging projects with reachable goals. They should be provided frequent feedback. While money is not an important motivator, it is an effective form of feedback. High need for affiliation Employees with a high affiliation need perform best in a cooperative environment. High need for power Management should provide power seekers the opportunity to manage others. All organizational behaviour theories stress that if employees are satisfied than they will contribute as much as they can in the success of an organization. Organizations can use various methods in order to keep their worker happy and if staff is happy and like to come on work regularly it mean that there are less chances of absenteeism and it can save the huge cost associated with the absence of employees. So it is the responsibility of organizations to manage and make sure that they have adequate system that can bring their workforce normal to work. Details analysis on these approaches will be later on discussed in this article.

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bulimia Nervosa [also known as Bulimia] is a very serious and dangerous eating disorder. The disorder can be describe as bingeing and then followed by purging or a person who eats a large amount of food in short periods of time and then vomits after eating to prevent on gaining the weight cause by the food. There is different ways of going about ways to prevent the weight gain, making oneself throw up, taking pills, or laxatives which will increase how fast the food will move through your body, exercising excessively, eating a little amount or not at all, or taking other pills to pass urine This disorder is mostly between the ages of 15 and 35, even if they have no specific food disorders. Studies made in Europe and USA have underlined the fact that roughly 10% of women in this age bracket say they and provoke vomiting occasionally 2% vomit once or more per week. This disorder is most commonly found in girls and in their late teen years, but that’s not to s ay it does not happen to boys it does but it is very rare. With a person who has bulimia it is very hard to tell by their appearance because when you have Bulimia you look average weight or just below it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This disorder is split up into 3 different illnesses they all have a lot in common but also have differences. The first type is Simple, simple bulimia nervosa usually affects girls at age 18 years old. The cause for this illness is under confident about oneself but come from good backgrounds. This illness is usually triggered by a short time of depression, such as a break up with a boyfriend. The girls who have simple bulimia nervosa have had a normal life as made friends normally and then they will have the short depression period and they will learn to hate themselves and their appearance. Usually diets start to boost up ones self esteem and then they cheat during the diet and vomiting will occur after eating. This form of bulimia is the least out of all 3 forms severe. But that is not to say that the girls who do this don’t progress into worst conditions. Another form of the disorder is Anorexic Bulimia Nervosa this is almost a mixture between Anorexic a nd Bulimia. It starts off as just a brief period of anorexic and then when that is over the sufferer recovers the illness by a short period of stabilized weight... ... and mental health professionals come in to help the patient recover. In different cases of the disorder family therapy is the best way to help overcome the disorder and helps eat healthy again. The family has a big effect on the sufferer and has to help the person realize that there body shape if perfectly fine and doesn’t need to be thin to make anyone happy. There is always Clinics that may help treat the disorder, the treatment is structured and controlled so that they have to eat in a better and healthier way. If there is no desire and hospitalizing is not necessary for the sufferer then there is the choice of outpatients by having weekly visits to a therapist and sometimes needs psychotherapy for the medicine, which can be more effective in worst cases. These disorders should not be left alone or untreated they can damage the body and soul and if left untreated the disorder can kill and at the best leave you looking terrible and feeling worse. These disorders may hel p you lose weight or not let you gain any, but in the long run it can seriously harm one and not only do these disorders affect the sufferer it also affects the people around them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Monitor Complience with Legislative Requirements

A. monitor complience with legislative requirements †¢Understanding the principles on how to monitor complience with the legislative requirements monitor complience with legislative requirements Understanding the principles on how to monitor complience with the legislative requirements 1. explain the basic principles of â€Å"general average† 2. state the procedures for release of cargo to the consignee before the general average contribution has been assessed. 3. tate briefly the basic statutory regulations such as; load line convention, international convention and prevention of pollution at sea, STCW convention, ILO convention, SOLAS Convention, ISM code, ISPS code, GENEVA Conventions of 1958 and the United Nation Convention (UNCLOS) on the Law of the Sea, PMMRR, R. A. 8544, etc. how compliance is controlled and consequences of their non-compliance. 4. enumerate the different organizations, offices and authorities engaged in various controlled activities on vessels (cl assification societies, flag and port state, inspections, etc. 5. enumerate at least ten (10) different mandatory certificates, documents and records required of a commercial vessel, and the implications of their absence. 1. ) The law of general average is a legal principle of maritime law according to which all parties in a sea venture proportionally share any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency. In the exigencies of hazards faced at sea, crew members often have precious little time in which to determine precisely whose cargo they are jettisoning.Thus, to avoid quarrelling that could waste valuable time, there arose the equitable practice whereby all the merchants whose cargo landed safely would be called on to contribute a portion, based upon a share or percentage, to the merchant or merchants whose goods had been tossed overboard to avert imminent peril. While general average traces its origins in ancient mari time law, still it remains part of the admiralty law of most countries. The first codification of general average was the York Antwerp Rules of 1890. American companies accepted it in 1949.General average requires three elements which are clearly stated by Mr. Justice Grier in Barnard v. Adams: â€Å"1st. A common danger: a danger in which vessel, cargo and crew all participate; a danger imminent and apparently ‘inevitable,' except by voluntarily incurring the loss of a portion of the whole to save the remainder. † â€Å"2nd. There must be a voluntary jettison, jactus, or casting away, of some portion of the joint concern for the purpose of avoiding this imminent peril, periculi imminentis evitandi causa, or, in other words, a transfer of the peril from the whole to a particular portion of the whole. â€Å"3rd. This attempt to avoid the imminent common peril must be successful†. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/General_average 2. ) RELEASE OF CARGO WITHOUT PRESENT ATION OF THE CORRECT DOCUMENTATION There has been a noticeable increase in the unlawful or incorrect release of cargo, associated with one of the following release methods: a) Countries that require imported cargo to come immediately under the control of their Customs service, who then take on the responsibility for its release. ) Countries with legislation that permits the release of cargo without the presentation of the original bill of lading. c) Authorisation by the carrier’s agent to release cargo without the permission of the shipper or the issuer of the original bill of lading. There has been considerable coverage regarding the delivery of containerised cargo to locations such as Chile and Paraguay, whereby their Customs service takes immediate control of the cargo and subsequently release it, often without presentation of the original bill of lading.Signum has recently encountered two situations whereby fraudsters have manipulated legislation that allows Customs, with out consultation with the carrier’s agent, to release cargo without presentation of the original bill of lading. 1. The Dominican Republic legislation stipulates that a carrier must deliver all cargo to the Dominican Port Authority/Customs with the carrier’s liability ceasing at the point of entry. Cargo can be released upon presentation of the original bill of lading, accompanied by the commercial invoice.In the absence of an original bill of lading, a bond to the value of the cargo, issued by a bona fide bank or insurance company, is acceptable. The bond indemnifies any party against a loss that may occur as a result of the of the cargo being released. Neither the carrier nor their agent needs to be made aware of such a bond. Signum was asked to enquire into a matter that involved a consignee who secured the release of his cargo by means of an insurance bond and then disappeared, having failed to make payment for the cargo.Initially, the insurance company, who had su pposedly issued the bond to the consignee, maintained that they could not account for itsexistence, suggesting that it had been fraudulently issued. Enquiries revealed that a member of their staff, who was authorised to issue such bonds, had done so on the instructions of her ex-supervisor and a Customs Agent. When these two parties were interviewed, they denied the clerk’s version of events. The Dominican Republic legislation stipulates that provided an authorised person issued the bond, it protects any party who suffered a loss, which applied in this instance.This allowed the shipper to lodge a claim against the insurance company for the loss of the cargo. 2. A similar situation occurred when perishable cargo was released in Suape, Brazil, without presentation of the original bill of lading. The consignee made a fraudulent application to a court under the provisions of the Brazilian Importation Legislation on perishable goods to secure the cargo’s release. He alleged that the shipper had reneged on a contract that allowed him to partly pay for the cargo prior to its receipt and then pay the outstanding amount by instalments.Due to the shipper’s refusal to release the cargo under the terms of the contract and his intention to re-ship it would cause him an irreplaceable loss. The court accepted this submission without seeking the view of the carrier’s agent and ordered the release of the cargo against security lodged with the court in the form of deeds to a property owned by a third party. After obtaining custody of the cargo, the consignee attended the court and produced a fraudulent document, showing that the shipper acknowledged the payment agreement.This caused the court to cancel the security and return the deeds of the property. The court application and payment agreement were shown to be fraudulent and that the consignee had committed similar frauds. The only action that could be taken was to notify Customs and the law enforc ement agency of this person’s activities. A more serious problem that continues to cause concern is where carriers’ agents disregard their legal responsibility in respect of the notified release instructions and authorise a party to receive their cargo without presentation of the correct documentation.This lack of judgement is all too often influenced by their close association with the consignee or their agent, with whom they have no legal obligation. Such releases can cause serious financial implications to the other parties. The general methods used to secure the release of cargo are: 1. The consignee/agent promises to present the original bill of lading at a later date. 2. The production of a consignee/agent’s letter of credit. 3. Bank reference confirming sufficient funds exist in the consignee’s account. 4. The presentation of a forged document.Signum was asked to enquire into the activities of an agency, whereby it appeared that over a period of ti me some 150 containers laden with cargo had been released in non-compliance to their release procedure. This procedure required both the Shipping Manager and another member of staff to authorise the release of containers, upon production of the correct documentation. The Shipping Manager, due to his status and guile, was able, over several months, to authorise the release of these containers without complying with the agencies directive. Only when it became impossible for him to continue to deceive others as to his actions, did he decamp.Prevention is simple. If the original bill of lading is not produced, or there is doubt as to whether it is genuine, then advice should be sought from the issuer of the document. If the matter cannot be resolved satisfactorily and safely, assistance should be obtained from the Club’s local correspondents or the Members’ usual contact at the Club. Signum is always available to investigate serious cases. http://www. ukpandi. com/fileadmi n/uploads/uk-pi/LP%20Documents/Signum_Reports/Signum%20release%20of%20Cargo. pdf 3. ) USCG Load Line Regulations and Policies (46 CFR parts 42–47) 46 USC chapter 51) Overview The principal Coast Guard office responsible for load line regulations and policy is the Naval Architecture Division (CG-ENG-2). In general, most commercial U. S. vessels that are 79 feet (24 m) in length or longer (or more than 150 gross tons if built before 1 Jan 1988 on domestic voyages, or built before 21 Jul 1968 if on foreign voyages) must have a valid load line certificate when venturing outside the U. S. Boundary Line, whether on a domestic or international voyage. Domestic voyages are coastwise, offshore, or high seas voyages that return directly to a U. S. ort (including â€Å"voyages to nowhere†). There are a few limited categories of vessels excluded from load line requirements. For example, small passenger vessels (i. e. , less than 100 gross tons) that only operate on domestic voyage s are excluded. Refer to 46 USC 5102 for vessel applicability specifics. IMPORTANT NOTE CONCERNING U. S. FISHING VESSELS: Previously, all U. S. fishing vessels were statutorily excluded from domestic load line regulations, regardless of size or length (although some fishing vessels that also process their catch beyond certain stages are required to obtain load lines).However, in the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010, Congress revoked that exclusion for new fishing vessels built on/after July 1st, 2012. Subsequently, in the Coast Guard and Marine Transportation Act of 2012 (signed into law on 20 Dec 2012), Congress postponed the load line compliance date to July 1st, 2013. Consequently, fishing vessels built on/after 1 July 2013, that are 79 feet or longer, and that operate outside the Boundary Line, are required to have a load line. Load line assignment includes pre-construction review and approval of plans by the assigning authority.Therefore, after 1 July 2013, fishing vessel designers/builders who intend to re-use construction plans for previously-built fishing vessels are cautioned that the plans might not comply with all load line requirements. If the owner intends to operate the new vessel outside the Boundary Line, then designers/builders are advised to submit the plans to the assigning authority in a timely fashion. Existing fishing vessels (i. e. , built before 1 July 2013) remain exempted from load lines for the time being.However, they will eventually have to meet the requirements of an alternate load line compliance program to ensure their continued seaworthiness beyond a certain age. The safety requirements for this alternate program, and the age at which the fishing vessels will need to comply, will be developed in cooperation with the commercial fishing industry and established by future regulation. (â€Å"Built† for these purposes means the date on which the vessel's keel is laid, or the assembled weight of the vessel is at least 50 metric tons (49. long tons) or one percent of the estimated mass of all structural material, whichever is less. ) How is load line length measured? Where is the Boundary Line? Purpose of Load Line Assignment The purpose of load line assignment is to ensure the seaworthiness of the intact (undamaged) vessel. This is accomplished by: †¢Ensuring a robust hull that can withstand severe sea conditions (i. e. , structural design, construction, and maintenance) †¢Ensuring weathertight & watertight integrity (i. e. , coamings; exposed doors, hatches, hull valves, etc, are in good working condition) Ensuring that the vessel has reserve buoyancy and is not overloaded (by limiting the maximum loaded draft) †¢Ensuring that the vessel has adequate stability for all loading & operating conditions (by approved stability documentation & instructions) †¢Ensuring rapid drainage of water on deck (boarding seas) (by adequate arrangement of freeing ports in bulwarks) †¢Ensuring safety of crew while working on deck (by increased freeboard to reduce boarding seas, guardrails) †¢Ensuring that modifications to vessel do not compromise seaworthiness (modifications must be approved by LL assigning authority) Periodic inspections (afloat and drydocked) to verify that the above are properly maintained (by LL assigning authority) Obtaining a Load Line International load line certificates are issued to vessels that meet the requirements of the IMO International Convention on Load Lines (ICLL); ICLL certificates are required on U. S. vessels that go on voyages to foreign ports or waters. Domestic load line certificates are issued to vessels that meet the requirements of U. S. load line regulations (which are found in 46 CFR Subchapter E).With minor exceptions, the U. S. requirements for an unrestricted domestic load line (suitable for high seas voyages) are the same as the requirements for an international ICLL load line. For this reason, an ICLL certificate is acceptable in lieu of a domestic certificate. Load line certificates (domestic or ICLL) are issued on behalf of the United States by the American Bureau of Shipping or one of several other USCG-approved classification societies. The choice of assigning authority is made by the vessel owner/operator.The Coast Guard itself does not issue load lines other than a â€Å"single voyage exemption certificate. † In order to be issued a load line (whether domestic or international ICLL), the vessel must be constructed to meet the load line requirements. This entails pre-construction review and approval of the vessel's design by the assigning authority. Surveyors then periodically visit the shipyard to verify that it is being constructed according to the approved design. Upon completion of construction, the vessel is inclined so that its stability documents can be approved and issued.The freeboard assignment is calculated, and the load line marks are inscribed on the hull. Upon final ve rification that all of these steps have been properly accomplished, the vessel is issued a load line certificate. A load line certificate is normally issued for a 5-year term, subject to annual â€Å"topside† surveys to verify that hatch covers, doors, vent covers, and other critical closures are in good working condition, and that there have not been any damage or unauthorized modifications that would compromise the vessel's seaworthiness.At the end of the 5-year term, the vessel must be drydocked to inspect the underwater hull, seachests and valves, etc, before a new certificate can be issued. Load Line Enforcement and Violations U. S. vessel owners and operators are subject to fines and penalties if a vessel is overloaded such that the load line marks are submerged, or the vessel is operated in violation of any restrictions on its certificate. Penalties are set forth in 46 USC 5116. Foreign vessels in U. S. waters are required to have a valid international (ICLL) load line certificate.A foreign vessel may be detained in port if the Coast Guard determines that it is overloaded, or unseaworthy due to poor condition. The vessel won't be released to depart until the deficiencies have been corrected: excess cargo is offloaded, repairs have been made and a surveyor from the assigning authority has attended the vessel to confirm its compliance with ICLL regulations. 4. ) BP Shipping safeships On the face of it, BP Shipping is one of the safesttanker operators around, regularly achieving topquartile safety results in the industry and rarelymaking headlines for the wrong reasons.But as the organization’s fleet has grown rapidly to more than 80 vessels today, so the realization has spreadthat truly world-class safety performance is about more than lowering headline safety numbers or beating industry benchmarks. For safety performance to really move to a new level, it has to become self sustaining and therefore sustainable. â€Å"Day in, day out, the sa fety message has to be made and remade so that it becomes engrained at every level everywhere, in every action, in every decision and in every way.The entire organization has to be safety empowered and constantly on the lookout for new hazards,† says Dave Williamson, director of fleet operations for BP Shipping. â€Å"We’re beginning to make the turn towards constant improvement and the sort of restless state of mind that we need, but there is still some way to go. † In the past, most emphasis has been put on numbers and performance based on: ‘days away from work case’ incidents, lost time injuries, near misses, oil spills and other serious incidents. These performance matrices continue to be monitored very closely and show continuous improvement.But now the push is on to move safety performance to another level, motivated in no small measure by a fear that some of the cultural and operational factors that led to the Texas City refinery explosion in 2005 might be present in some parts of BP Shipping’s activities. The key to this has been to get everyone in the organization to think about safety in a new way, one that focuses on experience, leadership, training, processes and relationships rather than numbers. Intrinsic to this more open approach is the importance of driving safety back into the ’line’ – to people with asset management capability.In parallel, new emphasis is being placed on safety leadership on vessels and ashore to engender a stronger sense of inclusiveness and team bonding around safety behaviour. â€Å"Safety is not just about trips or falls. It’s about exactly the same things you also need to achieve great operational performance and the same motivations that give us the continuous drive to have the best people, processes, equipment and leadership. † Williamson concludes: â€Å"At the moment we’re not able to say we’re the best, we still have areas whe re we believe there is significant room for improvement.But ‘the best’ is a relative state and safety is a never ending journey. Mysense is that we’ve made significant changes andadvances in the past couple of years. † Measuring safety All injuries by activity, October 2006 All injuries by location onboard, October 2006 Other 23 % Office work 2% Cargo operations 2% Shipyard 5% Navigating 2% Engine operations 9% Bunkering 7% Maintenance 36% Mooring 7% Drills and exercises 2% Domestic 5% Other 6% Enclosed space 2% Steering gear 2% Store rooms 6% Bridge 2% Engine room 41% Mooring areas 4%Lifeboat Accommodation 11% embarkation 4% Main deck 22 % Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing The crew of the Coast Guard Cutter Rush escorts the suspected high seas drift net fishing vessel Da Cheng in the North Pacific Ocean on August 14, 2012. Photo Credit: U. S. Coast Guard Liberian fishery observers toured a shrimp vessel as part of the two-week observer tra ining program supported by NOAA Fisheries to combat IUU fishing. IUU fishing is a global problem that threatens ocean ecosystems and sustainable fisheries.IUU products often come from fisheries lacking the strong and effective conservation and management measures to which U. S. fishermen are subject. IUU fishing most often violates conservation and management measures, such as quotas or bycatch limits, established under international agreements. By adversely impacting fisheries, marine ecosystems, food security and coastal communities around the world, IUU fishing undermines domestic and international conservation and management efforts. Furthermore, IUU fishing risks the sustainability of a multi-billion-dollar U. S. industry.NOAA’s Role in Combating IUU Fishing Because the United States imports more than 80 percent of its seafood, NOAA Fisheries is working to ensure that high demand for imported seafood does not create incentives for illegal fishing activity. Working in par tnership with other U. S. Government agencies, foreign governments and entities, international organizations, non-government organizations, and the private sector is crucial to effectively combating IUU fishing. We work with other fishing nations to strengthen enforcement and data collection programs around the world aimed at curtailing IUU fishing.We have put measures in place to restrict port entry and access to port services to vessels included on the IUU lists of international fisheries organizations with U. S. membership. For recent news on IUU fishing, visit our IUU stories page. In addition, U. S. legislation allows us to take action on our own. The Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act, which amends the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act, requires NOAA to identify countries that have fishing vessels engaged in IUU activities. Once a nation has been identified, we consult with the nation to encourage appropriate corrective action.If the identified nation rece ives a negative certification, we can impose trade restrictions on that nation. The Lacey Act also provides the United States with the authority to impose significant sanctions against individuals and companies engaged in trafficking illegally taken fish and wildlife. Learn more about action NOAA is taking to combat IUU fishing. For more information or questions on IUU fishing, please visit our frequently asked questions page or contact David Pearl (david. [email  protected] gov). 5. ) passenger ship safety certificate – for all passenger ships †¢cargo ship safety radio certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 300gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety equipment certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety construction certificate – for ca rgo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 300gt †¢load line certificate – for passenger ships in non-UK waters, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 24 metres in length (if built on or after 21 July 1968) or of more than 150gt and for passenger ships in UK waters over 80 net tonnes †¢oil pollution prevention certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 400gt and oil tankers over 150gt †¢minimum safe manning document certificate – for passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt †¢safety management certificate â₠¬â€œ for all passenger ships and for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt †¢ship security certificate – for passenger ships, cargo ships oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts on international voyages only †¢sewage pollution certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts of 400gt or more, or carrying 15 persons or more on international voyages only †¢air pollution certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial achts of 400gt or more †¢anti-fouling declaration – for fishing vessels under 24 metres in length or of less than 400gt †¢anti-fouling certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts of 400gt or more †¢certificate of fitness (chemical or gas) certificate – for all chemical tankers or gas carriers †¢dangerous goods certificate – for passenger ships built after 1 September 1984, and for cargo ships after a certain date of build on international voyages only †¢certificate of compliance for a large charter yacht – for all large passenger yachts †¢UK fishing vessel certificate – for fishing vessels between 15 and 24 metres in length †¢international fishing vessel certificate – for fishing vessels over 24 metres in length †¢small commercial vessel certificate – for pilot boats and small commercial vessels under 24 metres in length †¢certificate of registry – mandatory for all fishing vessels, optional for pilot boats and small commercial vessels †¢international tonnage – for fishing vessels under 24 metres in length Monitor Complience with Legislative Requirements A. monitor complience with legislative requirements †¢Understanding the principles on how to monitor complience with the legislative requirements monitor complience with legislative requirements Understanding the principles on how to monitor complience with the legislative requirements 1. explain the basic principles of â€Å"general average† 2. state the procedures for release of cargo to the consignee before the general average contribution has been assessed. 3. tate briefly the basic statutory regulations such as; load line convention, international convention and prevention of pollution at sea, STCW convention, ILO convention, SOLAS Convention, ISM code, ISPS code, GENEVA Conventions of 1958 and the United Nation Convention (UNCLOS) on the Law of the Sea, PMMRR, R. A. 8544, etc. how compliance is controlled and consequences of their non-compliance. 4. enumerate the different organizations, offices and authorities engaged in various controlled activities on vessels (cl assification societies, flag and port state, inspections, etc. 5. enumerate at least ten (10) different mandatory certificates, documents and records required of a commercial vessel, and the implications of their absence. 1. ) The law of general average is a legal principle of maritime law according to which all parties in a sea venture proportionally share any losses resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency. In the exigencies of hazards faced at sea, crew members often have precious little time in which to determine precisely whose cargo they are jettisoning.Thus, to avoid quarrelling that could waste valuable time, there arose the equitable practice whereby all the merchants whose cargo landed safely would be called on to contribute a portion, based upon a share or percentage, to the merchant or merchants whose goods had been tossed overboard to avert imminent peril. While general average traces its origins in ancient mari time law, still it remains part of the admiralty law of most countries. The first codification of general average was the York Antwerp Rules of 1890. American companies accepted it in 1949.General average requires three elements which are clearly stated by Mr. Justice Grier in Barnard v. Adams: â€Å"1st. A common danger: a danger in which vessel, cargo and crew all participate; a danger imminent and apparently ‘inevitable,' except by voluntarily incurring the loss of a portion of the whole to save the remainder. † â€Å"2nd. There must be a voluntary jettison, jactus, or casting away, of some portion of the joint concern for the purpose of avoiding this imminent peril, periculi imminentis evitandi causa, or, in other words, a transfer of the peril from the whole to a particular portion of the whole. â€Å"3rd. This attempt to avoid the imminent common peril must be successful†. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/General_average 2. ) RELEASE OF CARGO WITHOUT PRESENT ATION OF THE CORRECT DOCUMENTATION There has been a noticeable increase in the unlawful or incorrect release of cargo, associated with one of the following release methods: a) Countries that require imported cargo to come immediately under the control of their Customs service, who then take on the responsibility for its release. ) Countries with legislation that permits the release of cargo without the presentation of the original bill of lading. c) Authorisation by the carrier’s agent to release cargo without the permission of the shipper or the issuer of the original bill of lading. There has been considerable coverage regarding the delivery of containerised cargo to locations such as Chile and Paraguay, whereby their Customs service takes immediate control of the cargo and subsequently release it, often without presentation of the original bill of lading.Signum has recently encountered two situations whereby fraudsters have manipulated legislation that allows Customs, with out consultation with the carrier’s agent, to release cargo without presentation of the original bill of lading. 1. The Dominican Republic legislation stipulates that a carrier must deliver all cargo to the Dominican Port Authority/Customs with the carrier’s liability ceasing at the point of entry. Cargo can be released upon presentation of the original bill of lading, accompanied by the commercial invoice.In the absence of an original bill of lading, a bond to the value of the cargo, issued by a bona fide bank or insurance company, is acceptable. The bond indemnifies any party against a loss that may occur as a result of the of the cargo being released. Neither the carrier nor their agent needs to be made aware of such a bond. Signum was asked to enquire into a matter that involved a consignee who secured the release of his cargo by means of an insurance bond and then disappeared, having failed to make payment for the cargo.Initially, the insurance company, who had su pposedly issued the bond to the consignee, maintained that they could not account for itsexistence, suggesting that it had been fraudulently issued. Enquiries revealed that a member of their staff, who was authorised to issue such bonds, had done so on the instructions of her ex-supervisor and a Customs Agent. When these two parties were interviewed, they denied the clerk’s version of events. The Dominican Republic legislation stipulates that provided an authorised person issued the bond, it protects any party who suffered a loss, which applied in this instance.This allowed the shipper to lodge a claim against the insurance company for the loss of the cargo. 2. A similar situation occurred when perishable cargo was released in Suape, Brazil, without presentation of the original bill of lading. The consignee made a fraudulent application to a court under the provisions of the Brazilian Importation Legislation on perishable goods to secure the cargo’s release. He alleged that the shipper had reneged on a contract that allowed him to partly pay for the cargo prior to its receipt and then pay the outstanding amount by instalments.Due to the shipper’s refusal to release the cargo under the terms of the contract and his intention to re-ship it would cause him an irreplaceable loss. The court accepted this submission without seeking the view of the carrier’s agent and ordered the release of the cargo against security lodged with the court in the form of deeds to a property owned by a third party. After obtaining custody of the cargo, the consignee attended the court and produced a fraudulent document, showing that the shipper acknowledged the payment agreement.This caused the court to cancel the security and return the deeds of the property. The court application and payment agreement were shown to be fraudulent and that the consignee had committed similar frauds. The only action that could be taken was to notify Customs and the law enforc ement agency of this person’s activities. A more serious problem that continues to cause concern is where carriers’ agents disregard their legal responsibility in respect of the notified release instructions and authorise a party to receive their cargo without presentation of the correct documentation.This lack of judgement is all too often influenced by their close association with the consignee or their agent, with whom they have no legal obligation. Such releases can cause serious financial implications to the other parties. The general methods used to secure the release of cargo are: 1. The consignee/agent promises to present the original bill of lading at a later date. 2. The production of a consignee/agent’s letter of credit. 3. Bank reference confirming sufficient funds exist in the consignee’s account. 4. The presentation of a forged document.Signum was asked to enquire into the activities of an agency, whereby it appeared that over a period of ti me some 150 containers laden with cargo had been released in non-compliance to their release procedure. This procedure required both the Shipping Manager and another member of staff to authorise the release of containers, upon production of the correct documentation. The Shipping Manager, due to his status and guile, was able, over several months, to authorise the release of these containers without complying with the agencies directive. Only when it became impossible for him to continue to deceive others as to his actions, did he decamp.Prevention is simple. If the original bill of lading is not produced, or there is doubt as to whether it is genuine, then advice should be sought from the issuer of the document. If the matter cannot be resolved satisfactorily and safely, assistance should be obtained from the Club’s local correspondents or the Members’ usual contact at the Club. Signum is always available to investigate serious cases. http://www. ukpandi. com/fileadmi n/uploads/uk-pi/LP%20Documents/Signum_Reports/Signum%20release%20of%20Cargo. pdf 3. ) USCG Load Line Regulations and Policies (46 CFR parts 42–47) 46 USC chapter 51) Overview The principal Coast Guard office responsible for load line regulations and policy is the Naval Architecture Division (CG-ENG-2). In general, most commercial U. S. vessels that are 79 feet (24 m) in length or longer (or more than 150 gross tons if built before 1 Jan 1988 on domestic voyages, or built before 21 Jul 1968 if on foreign voyages) must have a valid load line certificate when venturing outside the U. S. Boundary Line, whether on a domestic or international voyage. Domestic voyages are coastwise, offshore, or high seas voyages that return directly to a U. S. ort (including â€Å"voyages to nowhere†). There are a few limited categories of vessels excluded from load line requirements. For example, small passenger vessels (i. e. , less than 100 gross tons) that only operate on domestic voyage s are excluded. Refer to 46 USC 5102 for vessel applicability specifics. IMPORTANT NOTE CONCERNING U. S. FISHING VESSELS: Previously, all U. S. fishing vessels were statutorily excluded from domestic load line regulations, regardless of size or length (although some fishing vessels that also process their catch beyond certain stages are required to obtain load lines).However, in the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010, Congress revoked that exclusion for new fishing vessels built on/after July 1st, 2012. Subsequently, in the Coast Guard and Marine Transportation Act of 2012 (signed into law on 20 Dec 2012), Congress postponed the load line compliance date to July 1st, 2013. Consequently, fishing vessels built on/after 1 July 2013, that are 79 feet or longer, and that operate outside the Boundary Line, are required to have a load line. Load line assignment includes pre-construction review and approval of plans by the assigning authority.Therefore, after 1 July 2013, fishing vessel designers/builders who intend to re-use construction plans for previously-built fishing vessels are cautioned that the plans might not comply with all load line requirements. If the owner intends to operate the new vessel outside the Boundary Line, then designers/builders are advised to submit the plans to the assigning authority in a timely fashion. Existing fishing vessels (i. e. , built before 1 July 2013) remain exempted from load lines for the time being.However, they will eventually have to meet the requirements of an alternate load line compliance program to ensure their continued seaworthiness beyond a certain age. The safety requirements for this alternate program, and the age at which the fishing vessels will need to comply, will be developed in cooperation with the commercial fishing industry and established by future regulation. (â€Å"Built† for these purposes means the date on which the vessel's keel is laid, or the assembled weight of the vessel is at least 50 metric tons (49. long tons) or one percent of the estimated mass of all structural material, whichever is less. ) How is load line length measured? Where is the Boundary Line? Purpose of Load Line Assignment The purpose of load line assignment is to ensure the seaworthiness of the intact (undamaged) vessel. This is accomplished by: †¢Ensuring a robust hull that can withstand severe sea conditions (i. e. , structural design, construction, and maintenance) †¢Ensuring weathertight & watertight integrity (i. e. , coamings; exposed doors, hatches, hull valves, etc, are in good working condition) Ensuring that the vessel has reserve buoyancy and is not overloaded (by limiting the maximum loaded draft) †¢Ensuring that the vessel has adequate stability for all loading & operating conditions (by approved stability documentation & instructions) †¢Ensuring rapid drainage of water on deck (boarding seas) (by adequate arrangement of freeing ports in bulwarks) †¢Ensuring safety of crew while working on deck (by increased freeboard to reduce boarding seas, guardrails) †¢Ensuring that modifications to vessel do not compromise seaworthiness (modifications must be approved by LL assigning authority) Periodic inspections (afloat and drydocked) to verify that the above are properly maintained (by LL assigning authority) Obtaining a Load Line International load line certificates are issued to vessels that meet the requirements of the IMO International Convention on Load Lines (ICLL); ICLL certificates are required on U. S. vessels that go on voyages to foreign ports or waters. Domestic load line certificates are issued to vessels that meet the requirements of U. S. load line regulations (which are found in 46 CFR Subchapter E).With minor exceptions, the U. S. requirements for an unrestricted domestic load line (suitable for high seas voyages) are the same as the requirements for an international ICLL load line. For this reason, an ICLL certificate is acceptable in lieu of a domestic certificate. Load line certificates (domestic or ICLL) are issued on behalf of the United States by the American Bureau of Shipping or one of several other USCG-approved classification societies. The choice of assigning authority is made by the vessel owner/operator.The Coast Guard itself does not issue load lines other than a â€Å"single voyage exemption certificate. † In order to be issued a load line (whether domestic or international ICLL), the vessel must be constructed to meet the load line requirements. This entails pre-construction review and approval of the vessel's design by the assigning authority. Surveyors then periodically visit the shipyard to verify that it is being constructed according to the approved design. Upon completion of construction, the vessel is inclined so that its stability documents can be approved and issued.The freeboard assignment is calculated, and the load line marks are inscribed on the hull. Upon final ve rification that all of these steps have been properly accomplished, the vessel is issued a load line certificate. A load line certificate is normally issued for a 5-year term, subject to annual â€Å"topside† surveys to verify that hatch covers, doors, vent covers, and other critical closures are in good working condition, and that there have not been any damage or unauthorized modifications that would compromise the vessel's seaworthiness.At the end of the 5-year term, the vessel must be drydocked to inspect the underwater hull, seachests and valves, etc, before a new certificate can be issued. Load Line Enforcement and Violations U. S. vessel owners and operators are subject to fines and penalties if a vessel is overloaded such that the load line marks are submerged, or the vessel is operated in violation of any restrictions on its certificate. Penalties are set forth in 46 USC 5116. Foreign vessels in U. S. waters are required to have a valid international (ICLL) load line certificate.A foreign vessel may be detained in port if the Coast Guard determines that it is overloaded, or unseaworthy due to poor condition. The vessel won't be released to depart until the deficiencies have been corrected: excess cargo is offloaded, repairs have been made and a surveyor from the assigning authority has attended the vessel to confirm its compliance with ICLL regulations. 4. ) BP Shipping safeships On the face of it, BP Shipping is one of the safesttanker operators around, regularly achieving topquartile safety results in the industry and rarelymaking headlines for the wrong reasons.But as the organization’s fleet has grown rapidly to more than 80 vessels today, so the realization has spreadthat truly world-class safety performance is about more than lowering headline safety numbers or beating industry benchmarks. For safety performance to really move to a new level, it has to become self sustaining and therefore sustainable. â€Å"Day in, day out, the sa fety message has to be made and remade so that it becomes engrained at every level everywhere, in every action, in every decision and in every way.The entire organization has to be safety empowered and constantly on the lookout for new hazards,† says Dave Williamson, director of fleet operations for BP Shipping. â€Å"We’re beginning to make the turn towards constant improvement and the sort of restless state of mind that we need, but there is still some way to go. † In the past, most emphasis has been put on numbers and performance based on: ‘days away from work case’ incidents, lost time injuries, near misses, oil spills and other serious incidents. These performance matrices continue to be monitored very closely and show continuous improvement.But now the push is on to move safety performance to another level, motivated in no small measure by a fear that some of the cultural and operational factors that led to the Texas City refinery explosion in 2005 might be present in some parts of BP Shipping’s activities. The key to this has been to get everyone in the organization to think about safety in a new way, one that focuses on experience, leadership, training, processes and relationships rather than numbers. Intrinsic to this more open approach is the importance of driving safety back into the ’line’ – to people with asset management capability.In parallel, new emphasis is being placed on safety leadership on vessels and ashore to engender a stronger sense of inclusiveness and team bonding around safety behaviour. â€Å"Safety is not just about trips or falls. It’s about exactly the same things you also need to achieve great operational performance and the same motivations that give us the continuous drive to have the best people, processes, equipment and leadership. † Williamson concludes: â€Å"At the moment we’re not able to say we’re the best, we still have areas whe re we believe there is significant room for improvement.But ‘the best’ is a relative state and safety is a never ending journey. Mysense is that we’ve made significant changes andadvances in the past couple of years. † Measuring safety All injuries by activity, October 2006 All injuries by location onboard, October 2006 Other 23 % Office work 2% Cargo operations 2% Shipyard 5% Navigating 2% Engine operations 9% Bunkering 7% Maintenance 36% Mooring 7% Drills and exercises 2% Domestic 5% Other 6% Enclosed space 2% Steering gear 2% Store rooms 6% Bridge 2% Engine room 41% Mooring areas 4%Lifeboat Accommodation 11% embarkation 4% Main deck 22 % Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing The crew of the Coast Guard Cutter Rush escorts the suspected high seas drift net fishing vessel Da Cheng in the North Pacific Ocean on August 14, 2012. Photo Credit: U. S. Coast Guard Liberian fishery observers toured a shrimp vessel as part of the two-week observer tra ining program supported by NOAA Fisheries to combat IUU fishing. IUU fishing is a global problem that threatens ocean ecosystems and sustainable fisheries.IUU products often come from fisheries lacking the strong and effective conservation and management measures to which U. S. fishermen are subject. IUU fishing most often violates conservation and management measures, such as quotas or bycatch limits, established under international agreements. By adversely impacting fisheries, marine ecosystems, food security and coastal communities around the world, IUU fishing undermines domestic and international conservation and management efforts. Furthermore, IUU fishing risks the sustainability of a multi-billion-dollar U. S. industry.NOAA’s Role in Combating IUU Fishing Because the United States imports more than 80 percent of its seafood, NOAA Fisheries is working to ensure that high demand for imported seafood does not create incentives for illegal fishing activity. Working in par tnership with other U. S. Government agencies, foreign governments and entities, international organizations, non-government organizations, and the private sector is crucial to effectively combating IUU fishing. We work with other fishing nations to strengthen enforcement and data collection programs around the world aimed at curtailing IUU fishing.We have put measures in place to restrict port entry and access to port services to vessels included on the IUU lists of international fisheries organizations with U. S. membership. For recent news on IUU fishing, visit our IUU stories page. In addition, U. S. legislation allows us to take action on our own. The Magnuson-Stevens Reauthorization Act, which amends the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act, requires NOAA to identify countries that have fishing vessels engaged in IUU activities. Once a nation has been identified, we consult with the nation to encourage appropriate corrective action.If the identified nation rece ives a negative certification, we can impose trade restrictions on that nation. The Lacey Act also provides the United States with the authority to impose significant sanctions against individuals and companies engaged in trafficking illegally taken fish and wildlife. Learn more about action NOAA is taking to combat IUU fishing. For more information or questions on IUU fishing, please visit our frequently asked questions page or contact David Pearl (david. [email  protected] gov). 5. ) passenger ship safety certificate – for all passenger ships †¢cargo ship safety radio certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 300gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety equipment certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety construction certificate – for ca rgo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt on international voyages only †¢cargo ship safety certificate – for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 300gt †¢load line certificate – for passenger ships in non-UK waters, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 24 metres in length (if built on or after 21 July 1968) or of more than 150gt and for passenger ships in UK waters over 80 net tonnes †¢oil pollution prevention certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 400gt and oil tankers over 150gt †¢minimum safe manning document certificate – for passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt †¢safety management certificate â₠¬â€œ for all passenger ships and for cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts over 500gt †¢ship security certificate – for passenger ships, cargo ships oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts on international voyages only †¢sewage pollution certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts of 400gt or more, or carrying 15 persons or more on international voyages only †¢air pollution certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial achts of 400gt or more †¢anti-fouling declaration – for fishing vessels under 24 metres in length or of less than 400gt †¢anti-fouling certificate – for fishing vessels, passenger ships, cargo ships, oil tankers, chemical tankers or gas carriers and large commercial yachts of 400gt or more †¢certificate of fitness (chemical or gas) certificate – for all chemical tankers or gas carriers †¢dangerous goods certificate – for passenger ships built after 1 September 1984, and for cargo ships after a certain date of build on international voyages only †¢certificate of compliance for a large charter yacht – for all large passenger yachts †¢UK fishing vessel certificate – for fishing vessels between 15 and 24 metres in length †¢international fishing vessel certificate – for fishing vessels over 24 metres in length †¢small commercial vessel certificate – for pilot boats and small commercial vessels under 24 metres in length †¢certificate of registry – mandatory for all fishing vessels, optional for pilot boats and small commercial vessels †¢international tonnage – for fishing vessels under 24 metres in length